Challenge: Pretrained multilingual models can perform cross-lingual transfer in a zero-shot setting, even for unseen languages.
Approach: They propose to extend XNLI to 10 indigenous languages of the Americas and test multiple zero-shot and translation-based approaches.
Outcome: The proposed model can perform cross-lingual transfer in a zero-shot setting even for languages unseen during pretraining.

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Match the Script, Adapt if Multilingual: Analyzing the Effect of Multilingual Pretraining on Cross-lingual Transferability (2022.acl-long)

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Challenge: Pretrained multilingual models enable zero-shot learning even for unseen languages . current multilingual model covers only a small subset of the world's languages - due to data sparsity, they are not likely to obtain good results for many lowresource languages.
Approach: They ask: how does the number of pretraining languages influence zero-shot learning for unseen languages? do the findings change if the languages used for pretraining are all related?
Outcome: The results show that pretrained models can zero-shot learn for unseen languages even for limited amounts even for low-resource languages.
Cross-lingual Few-Shot Learning on Unseen Languages (2022.aacl-main)

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Challenge: Large pre-trained language models have demonstrated the ability to obtain good performance on downstream tasks with limited examples in resource-rich languages.
Approach: They propose to use a downstream sentiment analysis task to analyze the effectiveness of several few-shot learning strategies across 12 languages, including 8 unseen languages, to compare results.
Outcome: The proposed model, XLM-R, gives the best performance on a task with few examples in resource-rich languages.
Analyzing the Evaluation of Cross-Lingual Knowledge Transfer in Multilingual Language Models (2024.eacl-long)

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Challenge: Recent advances in training multilingual models on large datasets have shown promising results in knowledge transfer across languages.
Approach: They challenge the assumption that high zero-shot performance reflects high cross-lingual ability by introducing more challenging setups involving instances with multiple languages.
Outcome: The proposed model can achieve high performance on multilingual benchmarks and on low-resource languages.
Can Monolingual Pretrained Models Help Cross-Lingual Classification? (2020.aacl-main)

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Challenge: Multilingual pretrained language models have shown impressive results for cross-lingual transfer, but due to the constant model capacity, multilingual pre-training usually lags behind the monolingual competitors.
Approach: They propose to transfer the knowledge from monolingual pretrained models to multilingual ones to improve zero-shot cross-lingual classification by using machine translation systems.
Outcome: The proposed methods outperform vanilla multilingual fine-tuning on two cross-lingual classification benchmarks.
A Simple and Effective Method to Improve Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer Learning (2022.coling-1)

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Challenge: Existing zero-shot cross-lingual transfer methods rely on parallel corpora or bilingual dictionaries . however, its effect is limited by the gap between embedding clusters of different languages .
Approach: They propose Embedding-Push, Attention-Pull, and Robust targets to transfer English embeddings to virtual multilingual embedders without semantic loss.
Outcome: Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms existing methods on cross-lingual tasks and can achieve a better multilingual alignment.
Zero- and Few-Shot NLP with Pretrained Language Models (2022.acl-tutorials)

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Challenge: a tutorial aims to introduce NLP researchers to the latest techniques for learning from little-to-no data . aims at bringing interested researchers up to speed about the latest and ongoing techniques .
Approach: They aim to introduce techniques for learning from little-to-no data using pretrained language models.
Outcome: This tutorial aims to bring interested NLP researchers up to speed about recent techniques . it will cover methods from manual engineering, better inference algorithms to better tuning methods .
Key ingredients for effective zero-shot cross-lingual knowledge transfer in generative tasks (2024.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Existing studies have focused on zero-shot cross-lingual transfer . mBERT, mBART and mT5 provide high-quality representations for texts in various languages .
Approach: They propose to use mBART and NLLB-200 to finetune a multilingual pretrained language model on input-output pairs in one language and use it to make task predictions for inputs in other languages.
Outcome: The proposed approach significantly reduces generation in the wrong language with full finetuning and can be competitive in some cases.
Multilingual Multimodal Pre-training for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer of Vision-Language Models (2021.naacl-main)

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Challenge: a new study examines zero-shot cross-lingual transfer of vision-language models . we study multilingual text-to-video search in non-English languages without annotations .
Approach: They propose a Transformer-based model that learns contextual multilingual multimodal embeddings . they propose 'zero-shot cross-lingual transfer' to improve multilingual search .
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms baselines on multilingual text-to-video search and multilingual image search on VTT and VATEX.
Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer with Meta Learning (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: There are more than 7,000 languages spoken in the world, over 90 of which have more than 10 million native speakers each.
Approach: They propose to use meta-learning to train a model on multiple languages at the same time . they use standard supervised, zero-shot cross-lingual, and few-shot crosses-lingual settings for different natural language understanding tasks.
Outcome: The proposed setup improves on the state-of-the-art for a total of 15 languages.
Zero-shot Sentiment Analysis in Low-Resource Languages Using a Multilingual Sentiment Lexicon (2024.eacl-long)

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Challenge: Prior work extended multilingual models to other languages due to the unavailability of labeled and unlabeled training data.
Approach: They use multilingual lexicons to enhance multilingual models capabilities in low-resource languages . they focus on zero-shot sentiment analysis tasks across 34 languages based on a single sentence .
Outcome: The proposed model improves zero-shot performance across 34 languages without using any sentence-level sentiment data.

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