Challenge: Existing methods for fine-tuning large numbers of model parameters have shown impressive performance on the task of discriminating between language produced by cognitively healthy individuals and those with Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
Approach: They propose to use a Transformer DL model pre-trained on general English text to combine an artificially degraded version of itself with a model that generalizes well to spontaneous conversations.
Outcome: The proposed method generalizes well to spontaneous conversations and generates text with characteristics associated with AD, demonstrating the induction of dementia-related linguistic anomalies.

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Too Big to Fail: Larger Language Models are Disproportionately Resilient to Induction of Dementia-Related Linguistic Anomalies (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing studies show that the attention mechanism in transformer-based NLMs may present an analogue to the notions of cognitive and brain reserve.
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Enriching Neural Models with Targeted Features for Dementia Detection (P19-2)

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Challenge: In the United States, adults over 65 are expected to comprise one-fifth of the population by 2030, and a larger proportion of the . population than those under 18 by 2035.
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A Tale of Two Perplexities: Sensitivity of Neural Language Models to Lexical Retrieval Deficits in Dementia of the Alzheimer’s Type (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Recent studies show that cognitive manifestations of future dementia may appear as early as 18 years prior to clinical diagnosis . lack of clear diagnosis and prognosis, possibly for an Alzheimer's type, is a major limitation of current methods for identifying dementia-specific cognitive markers.
Approach: They propose to interrogate neural LMs trained on participants with and without dementia by manipulating lexical frequency.
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Detecting Linguistic Characteristics of Alzheimer’s Dementia by Interpreting Neural Models (N18-2)

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Challenge: Current diagnoses often involve lengthy medical evaluations.
Approach: They apply neural models based on CNNs, LSTM-RNNs, and their combination to classify AD and control language samples.
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Linguistic Features Extracted by GPT-4 Improve Alzheimer’s Disease Detection based on Spontaneous Speech (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) have enabled powerful new possibilities for semantic text analysis.
Approach: They leverage GPT-4 to extract five semantic features from transcripts of spontaneous patient speech.
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CDA: A Contrastive Data Augmentation Method for Alzheimer’s Disease Detection (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing methods for detecting AD are challenging and time-consuming due to lack of data and generalizability of the models.
Approach: They propose a contrastive data augmentation method which simulates the cognitive impairment of a patient by randomly deleting a proportion of text from the transcript to create negative samples.
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LoSST-AD: A Longitudinal Corpus for Tracking Alzheimer’s Disease Related Changes in Spontaneous Speech (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Language-based biomarkers have shown promising results in differentiating those with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) diagnosis from healthy individuals, but the earliest changes in language are thought to start years or even decades before the diagnosis.
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Transforming Brainwaves into Language: EEG Microstates Meet Text Embedding Models for Dementia Detection (2025.acl-srw)

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Challenge: Dementia is recognised as the seventh leading cause of mortality globally and plays a major role in increasing disability and dependence among older adults.
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Reformulating NLP tasks to Capture Longitudinal Manifestation of Language Disorders in People with Dementia. (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Dementia is associated with language disorders which impede communication.
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Mitigating Confounding in Speech-Based Dementia Detection through Weight Masking (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Pre-trained neural language models fine-tuned on AD transcripts perform well, but little research has explored the effects of the gender of the speakers represented by these transcripts.
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