Challenge: Leveled reading (LR) aims to automatically classify texts by the cognitive levels of readers.
Approach: They propose to use adversarial training and cross-lingual pre-training methods to transfer LR knowledge from annotated data in resource-rich English to Chinese.
Outcome: The proposed method captures language-invariant features between English and Chinese.

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Cross-lingual Multi-Level Adversarial Transfer to Enhance Low-Resource Name Tagging (N19-1)

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Challenge: Low-resource language name tagging is an important but challenging task.
Approach: They propose a neural architecture that leverages multi-level adversarial transfer to improve name tagging for low-resource languages.
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms previous approaches on CoNLL data sets.
Investigating Transfer Learning in Multilingual Pre-trained Language Models through Chinese Natural Language Inference (2021.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Multilingual transformers have been shown to have remarkable transfer skills in zero-shot settings.
Approach: They investigate cross-lingual transfer abilities of XLM-R for Chinese and English natural language inference using a large scale Chinese dataset.
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Multi-level Alignment Pretraining for Multi-lingual Semantic Parsing (2020.coling-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for multilingual semantic parsing only handle monolingual parsers, while in real world applications such as Chatbot and search engine, we generally need to handle multi-lingual semanticparsing.
Approach: They propose a multi-level alignment pretraining method in a unified architecture for multi-lingual semantic parsing.
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Cross-lingual Spoken Language Understanding with Regularized Representation Alignment (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: despite promising results, current cross-lingual models suffer from imperfect cross-linguistic representation alignments between the source and target languages, which makes the performance sub-optimal.
Approach: They propose a regularization approach to align word-level and sentence-level representations across languages without external resources.
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Enhancing Pre-trained Chinese Character Representation with Word-aligned Attention (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Pre-trained Chinese language models take character as the basic unit and learn representation according to character’s external contexts, ignoring the semantics expressed in the word, which is the smallest meaningful utterance in Chinese.
Approach: They propose to pool character-level attention to the word level and propose to alleviate the potential issue of segmentation error propagation by multi-source information fusion.
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T3L: Translate-and-Test Transfer Learning for Cross-Lingual Text Classification (2023.tacl-1)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to cross-lingual text classification leverage text classifiers trained in a high-resource language to perform text classification in other languages with no or minimal fine-tuning.
Approach: They propose to combine a neural machine translator and a text classifier trained in a high-resource language to perform text classification in other languages with no or minimal fine-tuning.
Outcome: The proposed approach significantly improves over a baseline approach.
Multi-Source Cross-Lingual Model Transfer: Learning What to Share (P19-1)

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Challenge: Cross-lingual transfer learning (CLTL) is a viable method for building NLP models for a low-resource target language . however, many languages lack the labeled training data necessary for training deep neural nets for varying NLP tasks.
Approach: They propose a cross-lingual transfer learning method that leverages annotated data from other languages to build NLP models for a target language.
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Cross-lingual AMR Aligner: Paying Attention to Cross-Attention (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) graphs embed the semantics of a sentence in a directed acyclic graph, where concepts are represented by nodes, semantic relations between concepts by edges, and the co-references by reentrant nodes.
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Make the Best of Cross-lingual Transfer: Evidence from POS Tagging with over 100 Languages (2022.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing studies on cross-lingual generalisability of large pre-trained models use English training data and test data in unseen languages.
Approach: They propose to use multilingual pre-trained models to model cross-lingual transfer in a selection of target languages.
Outcome: The proposed model can be used to improve cross-lingual transfer performance in low-resource languages with no labeled training data.
Cross-Lingual Machine Reading Comprehension (D19-1)

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Challenge: Existing work on machine reading comprehension task is focused on English, but there are few efforts on other languages due to the lack of large-scale training data.
Approach: They propose a cross-lingual machine reading comprehension task for other languages . they propose cloze-style reading comprehension and various neural network approaches .
Outcome: The proposed model improves reading comprehension performance of Chinese datasets over state-of-the-art systems by a large margin over existing systems.

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