Challenge: Existing studies have focused on mitigating social biases in context-free representations, with recent shift to contextual ones.
Approach: They propose an approach to mitigate social biases in a large pre-trained contextual language model . they propose lexical co-occurrence-based bias penalization in the decoder units .
Outcome: The proposed approach reduces biases in fill-in-the-blank sentences and summarizes . it also reduces the biased representations in the frameworks, the authors show .

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In-Contextual Gender Bias Suppression for Large Language Models (2024.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Prior work has proposed debiasing methods that require human labelled examples, data augmentation and fine-tuning of LLMs, which are computationally expensive.
Approach: They propose to suppress gender biases by providing textual preambles from manually designed templates and real-world statistics without accessing model parameters.
Outcome: The proposed methods suppress gender biases in English LLMs using a CrowsPairs dataset without accessing model parameters.
Leveraging Prototypical Representations for Mitigating Social Bias without Demographic Information (2024.naacl-short)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to mitigate social biases require explicit annotation of demographic information for each sample.
Approach: They propose a method that leverages predefined demographic texts and incorporates a regularization term during the fine-tuning process to mitigate bias in language models.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms debiasing methods with limited demographic-annotated data.
Demographic-Aware Language Model Fine-tuning as a Bias Mitigation Technique (2022.aacl-short)

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Challenge: In this paper, we analyze the variations in gender and racial biases in BERT-like language models when exposed to different demographic groups.
Approach: They analyze gender and racial biases in BERT-like language models when exposed to different demographic groups.
Outcome: The proposed model can mitigate biases in text authored by disadvantaged demographic groups compared to advantaged groups . the proposed model is agnostic to the language of the speakers behind the language .
Mitigating Societal Harms in Large Language Models (2023.emnlp-tutorial)

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Challenge: Recent studies have highlighted societal harms that can be caused by language generation models deployed in the wild.
Approach: They propose to use a typology of technical approaches to mitigating harms of language generation models to provide an overview of potential social issues in language generation including toxicity, social biases, misinformation, factual inconsistency, and privacy violations.
Outcome: The proposed typology addresses toxicity, biases, misinformation, factual inconsistency, and privacy violations in language generation models.
Bias and Fairness in Natural Language Processing (D19-2)

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Challenge: a tutorial will review the history of bias and fairness studies in machine learning and language processing .
Approach: This tutorial reviews the history of bias and fairness studies in machine learning and language processing . it presents recent community effort to quantify and mitigat bias in natural language processing models .
Outcome: This tutorial reviews the history of bias and fairness studies in machine learning and language processing . it aims to quantify and mitigate bias in natural language processing models for a wide spectrum of tasks .
End-to-End Bias Mitigation by Modelling Biases in Corpora (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Recent studies have shown that strong natural language understanding models are prone to relying on unwanted dataset biases without learning the underlying task.
Approach: They propose two learning strategies to train neural models that are more robust to dataset biases and transfer better to out-of-domain datasets.
Outcome: The proposed methods improve robustness in all settings and transfer better to out-of-domain datasets.
Societal Biases in Language Generation: Progress and Challenges (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Language generation techniques can produce undesirable societal biases that can negatively impact marginalized populations.
Approach: They propose to examine how decoding techniques contribute to biases in language generation . they also conduct experiments to quantify the effects of these techniques .
Outcome: The proposed methods can reduce biases and improve user experience, the authors argue . they also show that the proposed techniques can reduce societal biase .
Likelihood-based Mitigation of Evaluation Bias in Large Language Models (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used to evaluate natural language generation tasks as automated metrics.
Approach: They propose to use LLMs to evaluate sentences with higher likelihoods and lower likelihoods to mitigate the likelihood bias.
Outcome: The proposed method overrates sentences with higher likelihoods while underrating sentences with lower likelihoods.
KoSBI: A Dataset for Mitigating Social Bias Risks Towards Safer Large Language Model Applications (2023.acl-industry)

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Challenge: Existing research and resources are not readily applicable in South Korea due to the differences in language and culture, both of which significantly affect the biases and targeted demographic groups.
Approach: They propose a social bias dataset of 34k pairs of contexts and sentences in Korean covering 72 demographic groups in 15 categories.
Outcome: The proposed dataset reduces social biases by 16.47%p on average for HyperClova (30B and 82B), and GPT-3.
Social Bias in Multilingual Language Models: A Survey (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Pretrained multilingual models exhibit the same social bias as models processing English texts.
Approach: They examine the literature on bias evaluation and mitigation approaches in multilingual and non-English contexts and identify gaps in the field.
Outcome: The proposed models perform well on multilingual language understanding benchmarks and are consistent with the current literature.

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