| Challenge: | Sentences written in privacy policies explain privacy practices and the constituent text spans convey further specific information. |
| Approach: | They propose an English corpus of 5,250 intent and 11,788 slot annotations . they propose two alternative neural approaches to model the corpus as a sequence-to-sequence learning task. |
| Outcome: | The proposed corpus predicts intent classification and slot filling, while the sequence tagging method outperforms slot filler by a large margin. |
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| Challenge: | Typical machine learning approaches require large amounts of training data . Managing training data can be cumbersome without dedicated tools . |
| Approach: | They propose a toolkit for analyzing slot-filling and intent classification corpora . they propose 'Query Language' for searching such corporan and tools for understanding structure . |
| Outcome: | The proposed toolkit can be used to uncover interesting and surprising insights. |
APPSI-139: A Parallel Corpus of English Application Privacy Policy Summarization and Interpretation (2026.acl-long)
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Pengyun Zhu, Qiheng Sun, Long Wen, Yanbo Wang, Yang Cao, Junxu Liu, Deyi Xiong, Jinfei Liu, Zhibo Wang, Kui Ren
| Challenge: | a lack of high-quality English privacy policy corpus optimized for legal clarity and readability is limiting translation of privacy policies . 139 privacy policies are often considered "incomprehensible" due to technical jargon, legal language, and convoluted grammatical structures. |
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Explainable Slot Type Attentions to Improve Joint Intent Detection and Slot Filling (2022.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods analyze and compute features collectively for all slot types, and have no way to explain slot filling model decisions. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that learns to generate additional slot type specific features to improve accuracy and provides explanations for slot filling decisions for the first time in a joint NLU model. |
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Joint Slot Filling and Intent Detection via Capsule Neural Networks (P19-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing models that label slots and detect intent do not preserve hierarchical relationship between words, slots, and intents. |
| Approach: | They propose a capsule-based neural network model which performs slot filling and intent detection via a dynamic routing-by-agreement schema. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model performs better than existing models and existing models on real-world datasets. |
Explainable Abuse Detection as Intent Classification and Slot Filling (2022.tacl-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing models learn what abuse is from labeled examples and base their predictions on spurious cues. |
| Approach: | They propose a machine-friendly representation of the policy that moderators wish to enforce by breaking it down into intents and slots. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model breaks down a social media policy into intents and slots and provides a rationale for its decisions. |
Question Answering for Privacy Policies: Combining Computational and Legal Perspectives (D19-1)
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| Challenge: | Privacy policies are long and complex documents that are difficult for users to read and understand. |
| Approach: | They present a corpus of 1750 questions about privacy policies of mobile applications and over 3500 expert annotations of relevant answers. |
| Outcome: | The proposed corpus of 1750 questions on privacy policies shows that a strong neural baseline underperforms human performance by almost 0.3 F1 on PrivacyQA. |
Enhancing Joint Multiple Intent Detection and Slot Filling with Global Intent-Slot Co-occurrence (2022.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing joint models only use training procedure to determine the implicit correlation between intents and slots. |
| Approach: | They propose to make full use of the statistical co-occurrence frequency between intents and slots as prior knowledge to enhance joint multiple intent detection and slot filling. |
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PolicyQA: A Reading Comprehension Dataset for Privacy Policies (2020.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Privacy policy documents are long and verbose. Hence, a question answering system can help users find the information that is relevant and important to them. |
| Approach: | They propose to provide users with a short text span from policy documents to search for answers from a long text segment. |
| Outcome: | The proposed question answering system can help users find information relevant to them. |
Slot-Gated Modeling for Joint Slot Filling and Intent Prediction (N18-2)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches for slot filling and intent detection have independent attention weights, but they suffer from error propagation due to their independent models. |
| Approach: | They propose a slot gate that focuses on learning the relationship between intent and slot attention vectors to obtain better semantic frame results by the global optimization. |
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Privacy at Scale: Introducing the PrivaSeer Corpus of Web Privacy Policies (2021.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing tools to interpret privacy policies have been used to understand them but there is a lack of large privacy policy corpora to simplify the process. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a corpus of 1,005,380 English language privacy policies collected from the web to create semi-supervised and unsupervised models to interpret and simplify privacy policies. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms all other publicly available privacy policy corpora and is ten times larger than the next largest public collection of privacy policies combined. |