Challenge: Data privacy is an important issue for “machine learning as a service” providers.
Approach: They propose an attack on membership inference attacks using a sequence-to-sequence model and a machine translation dataset to investigate the feasibility of a privacy attack.
Outcome: The proposed model can infer sentence-level membership from the output of the model, but it is difficult to infer it.

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Assessing Privacy Risks in Language Models: A Case Study on Summarization Tasks (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Large language models have revolutionized the field of NLP by achieving state-of-the-art performance on various tasks.
Approach: They investigate the membership inference attack by using model's API to determine if a sample was part of the training data.
Outcome: The proposed model is able to identify if a sample was part of the training data and exploits its similarity and resistance to document modifications as potential MI signals on widely used datasets.
Quantifying Privacy Risks of Masked Language Models Using Membership Inference Attacks (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Prior attempts at measuring leakage of MLMs via membership inference attacks have been inconclusive, implying potential robustness of Mlms to privacy attacks.
Approach: They propose a stronger membership inference attack based on likelihood ratio hypothesis testing that involves an additional MLM to more accurately quantify the privacy risks of memorization in MLMs.
Outcome: The proposed attack improves the AUC of prior membership inference attacks from 0.66 to an alarmingly high 0.90 level on models trained on medical notes.
User Inference Attacks on Large Language Models (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: a large amount of data written by humans is used to train and fine-tune large language models.
Approach: They propose to infer if a user's data was used to train an LLM by using example-level differential privacy.
Outcome: The proposed attacks are easy to employ and only require black-box access to an LLM and a few samples from the user.
A Statistical and Multi-Perspective Revisiting of the Membership Inference Attack in Large Language Models (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Membership Inference Attack (MIA) is a method that differentiates trained (member) and untrained (non-member) data.
Approach: They used thousands of experiments to examine membership inference attacks from different settings and then revisited them with thousands of different methods.
Outcome: The proposed methods outperform baselines in the study and improve with model size and varies with domains.
Scaling Up Membership Inference: When and How Attacks Succeed on Large Language Models (2025.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Membership inference attacks (MIAs) attempt to verify the membership of a data sample in the training set for a model.
Approach: They propose to use membership inference attacks to verify the membership of a given data sample in a model training set.
Outcome: The proposed methods are based on a new benchmark that measures the performance of membership inference attacks on large language models at a continuous scale.
CheckMIABench: Firm Foundations For Membership Inference Attacks on Language Models (2026.acl-short)

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Challenge: Membership inference attacks are a canonical way to assess a machine learning model’s privacy properties.
Approach: They propose a framework for principled evaluation of membership inference attacks against large language models by leveraging the insight that training data before and after a fixed point during training are drawn from the same distribution.
Outcome: The proposed framework can be used to evaluate membership inference attacks against large language models.
Robust Membership Inference for Large Language Models under Adversarial Generative Corruption (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Membership inference attacks are a promising tool for auditing training data of LLMs . existing methods rely on the assumption that LLM's assign higher confidence scores to training samples than to non-training ones.
Approach: They propose a membership inference framework that can be robust against adversarial MIAs.
Outcome: The proposed framework can be robust against adversarial MIA methods and AIGT detectors while maintaining the performance of baselines.
Context-Aware Membership Inference Attacks against Pre-trained Large Language Models (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Prior Membership Inference Attacks on pre-trained Large Language Models fail at LLMs due to ignoring the generative nature of LLM data.
Approach: They propose a method that adapts MIA statistical tests to the perplexity dynamics of subsequences within a data point.
Outcome: The proposed method significantly outperforms prior approaches, revealing context-dependent memorization patterns in pre-trained LLMs.
Identifying Unlearned Data in LLMs via Membership Inference Attacks (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing work evaluates approximate unlearning under a retrieval paradigm, where adversaries attempt to extract residual knowledge given partial information of the unlearning target.
Approach: They propose a framework to evaluate unlearning membership attacks using member inference techniques to exploit the forget set.
Outcome: The proposed framework assesses whether unlearning leaves behind detectable artifacts that can be exploited to infer membership in the forget set.
Membership Inference Attacks against Language Models via Neighbourhood Comparison (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing membership inference attacks aim to predict whether a data sample was present in training data of a machine learning model.
Approach: They propose to compare model scores to neighbour texts to eliminate access to training data by comparing model scores with a given sample.
Outcome: The proposed attacks outperform reference-based attacks with perfect knowledge of the training data distribution and outperformed reference-free attacks with imperfect knowledge.

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