Challenge: Adapting pre-trained language models (PrLMs) to new domains has gained much attention . Adaptation of PrLMs to newdomains is important, but requires fine-tuning .
Approach: They propose to use PrLMs to adapt to new domains without fine-tuning . they use class-aware feature self-distillation to learn discriminative features .
Outcome: The proposed model can learn discriminative features from pre-trained language models without fine-tuning.

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The Trade-offs of Domain Adaptation for Neural Language Models (2022.acl-long)

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Challenge: Neural Language Models (LMs) trained on large generic training sets have been shown to be effective at adapting to smaller, specific target domains for language modeling and other downstream tasks.
Approach: They propose a framework for a Neural Language Models (LM) to be presented in a common framework.
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Adapt-and-Distill: Developing Small, Fast and Effective Pretrained Language Models for Domains (2021.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Large pre-trained models suffer from domain shift and are not optimal for specific domains.
Approach: They propose a general approach to developing small, fast and effective pretrained models for specific domains by adapting off-the-shelf general pretrained model and performing task-agnostic knowledge distillation in target domains.
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UDAPTER - Efficient Domain Adaptation Using Adapters (2023.eacl-main)

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Challenge: Using adapters, unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) is more parameter efficient and requires large-scale data to be effective.
Approach: They propose to add small bottleneck layers to each layer of a pre-trained language model to make it more parameter efficient by adding adapters.
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UDALM: Unsupervised Domain Adaptation through Language Modeling (2021.naacl-main)

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Challenge: Existing techniques for unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) are limited by domain shift, which leads to performance degradation.
Approach: They propose a fine-tuning procedure that uses a mixed classification and Masked Language Model loss to adapt to the target domain distribution in a robust and sample efficient manner.
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Domain Adaptation with BERT-based Domain Classification and Data Selection (D19-61)

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Challenge: Modern deep neural models with millions of parameters can easily adapt to a new learning task and dataset when enough supervision is given.
Approach: They propose a domain adaptation framework based on curriculum learning and domain-discriminative data selection.
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Adapting a Language Model While Preserving its General Knowledge (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing DA-training methods do not explicitly identify what knowledge should be preserved and what should be changed by the domain corpus.
Approach: They propose to use an unlabeled corpus of aparticular domain to train a pre-trained general-purpose language model to adapt the LM so that end-tasks in the domain can give improved performances.
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Unlocking LLMs’ Self-Improvement Capacity with Autonomous Learning for Domain Adaptation (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing models that use self-supervised and instruction fine-tuning can be trained using unlabeled corpora.
Approach: They propose to use unlabeled target corpora to adapt large language models to new domains . they propose to employ self-supervised pre-training and instruction fine-tuning methods .
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Robust Transfer Learning with Pretrained Language Models through Adapters (2021.acl-short)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to transfer learning with pretrained transformer-based language models are not robust and can be adversarial.
Approach: They propose a simple yet effective adapter-based approach to fine-tune language models on downstream tasks.
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Rethinking Denoised Auto-Encoding in Language Pre-Training (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Pre-trained models such as BERT have achieved success in learning sequence representations, but they tend to learn representations that are covariant with the noise of pre-training.
Approach: They propose to train self-trained models to learn noise invariant sequence representations . they encourage consistency between original sequence and corrupted version via unsupervised instance-wise training signals.
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Taming Pre-trained Language Models with N-gram Representations for Low-Resource Domain Adaptation (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing methods to train pre-trained models require domain-specific data and computational resources.
Approach: They propose a domain-aware N-gram Adaptor to incorporate unseen and domain-specific words into a generic pretrained model.
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