Challenge: Existing product question answering methods only consider a single information source such as user reviews and/or require large amounts of labeled data.
Approach: They propose a framework to exploit heterogeneous information including natural language text and attribute-value pairs from two information sources of the concerned product, namely product details and user reviews.
Outcome: The proposed framework achieves superior performance over state-of-the-art models on a real-world dataset.

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Too much of product information : Don’t worry, let’s look for evidence! (2023.emnlp-industry)

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Challenge: Existing product question answering models do not provide labelled data for the task and description information for products is very lengthy.
Approach: They propose a distant supervision-based NLI model to prepare training data without manual efforts.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms standard multi-task fine-tuning and improves 6% in human evaluation over baselines.
xPQA: Cross-Lingual Product Question Answering in 12 Languages (2023.acl-industry)

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Challenge: Existing work on product question answering systems focuses mainly on English, but in practice there is need to support multiple customer languages while leveraging product information available in English.
Approach: They present a large-scale annotated cross-lingual PQA dataset in 12 languages and evaluate three approaches to generating a natural-sounding non-English answer.
Outcome: The proposed dataset supports crosslingual product question answering (PQA) systems that provide answers to customers’ questions as they shop for products.
Unlocking Markets: A Multilingual Benchmark to Cross-Market Question Answering (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Product-related question answering (PQA) involves utilizing product-related resources to provide precise answers to users.
Approach: They propose a task of multilingual cross-market product-based question answering that combines product-related questions with product-specific questions from a multilingual marketplace.
Outcome: The proposed task provides answers to product-related questions in a multilingual marketplace even in fewer languages.
Product Question Answering in E-Commerce: A Survey (2023.acl-long)

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Challenge: Product question answering (PQA) aims to automatically provide instant responses to customer’s questions in E-commerce platforms.
Approach: They categorize PQA studies into four problem settings in terms of the form of provided answers.
Outcome: The proposed methods capture the unique challenges of product question answering (PQA) .
Open-domain Question Answering via Chain of Reasoning over Heterogeneous Knowledge (2022.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing open-domain question answering methods rely on the retriever to gather all evidence in isolation, but our approach uses an intermediary module to perform a chain of reasoning over the retrieved set.
Approach: They propose a new open-domain question answering framework that integrates an intermediary module into the current retriever-reader pipeline and integrates it into the model.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms the state-of-the-art on two OTT-QA datasets with an exact match score of 47.3 (45% relative gain).
HybridQA: A Dataset of Multi-Hop Question Answering over Tabular and Textual Data (2020.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing question answering datasets focus on dealing with homogeneous information, but using homogenous information alone might lead to coverage problems.
Approach: They propose a large-scale question-answering dataset that requires reasoning on heterogeneous information.
Outcome: The proposed model can achieve an EM score of 40% while the existing model is far behind human performance.
SPAGHETTI: Open-Domain Question Answering from Heterogeneous Data Sources with Retrieval and Semantic Parsing (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: SPAGHETTI: Semantic Parsing Augmented Generation for Hybrid English information from Text Tables and Infoboxes is a hybrid question-answering pipeline .
Approach: They propose a hybrid question-answering pipeline that leverages knowledge from multiple knowledge sources.
Outcome: The proposed approach achieves state-of-the-art on the Compmix dataset with 56.5% exact match rate.
Recursive Question Understanding for Complex Question Answering over Heterogeneous Personal Data (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: a novel method for question answering over mixed sources, like text and tables, has been developed for question-answering . personal information is a prominent case of such heterogeneous data, such as calendar entries, workout statistics, shopping records, streaming history, and more.
Approach: They propose a method that creates an executable operator tree for a given question . they use recursive decomposition to decompose a question into an operator tree .
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms methods based on verbalization or translation . it can be executed on user devices and yields a traceable answer .
Distantly Supervised Transformers For E-Commerce Product QA (2021.naacl-main)

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Challenge: e-commerce services often provide an instant QA system on product pages . however, user queries and CQA pairs differ significantly in language characteristics .
Approach: They propose a transformer-based instant question answering system on product pages . for each user query, relevant community question answer (CQA) pairs are retrieved . their framework is able to scale to large e-commerce QA traffic .
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms syntactic and semantic baselines on user queries and training with CQA pairs.
Doc-React: Multi-page Heterogeneous Document Question-answering (2025.acl-short)

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Challenge: Existing methods for integrating information across multiple modalities are suboptimal for multi-page, multimodal documents.
Approach: They propose an adaptive iterative framework that balances information gain and uncertainty reduction at each step.
Outcome: The proposed framework captures relevant multimodal content and achieves strong performance on complex QA tasks.

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