Challenge: Visual language grounding is widely studied in modern neural image captioning systems . a novel algorithm for crafting adversarial examples in image captions is proposed .
Approach: They propose an algorithm to craft adversarial examples in machine vision and perception . their approach provides two evaluation approaches to check if they can mislead systems .
Outcome: The proposed algorithm can craft visually-similar adversarial examples with randomly targeted captions or keywords, and the results are transferable to other image captioning systems.

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Challenge: Existing frameworks for grounding distributional representations of texts on the visual domain are limited . effective and efficient grounding of distributional embeddings remains challenging .
Approach: They propose to ground distributional representations of texts on the visual domain using visual-semantic embeddings.
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Generating Natural Language Adversarial Examples (D18-1)

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Challenge: Recent research has shown that deep neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial examples, perturbations to correctly classified examples which can cause the model to misclassify.
Approach: They propose to generate adversarial examples that fool well-trained sentiment analysis and textual entailment models by using a black-box population-based optimization algorithm.
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A Reinforced Generation of Adversarial Examples for Neural Machine Translation (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Neural machine translation systems fail on less decent inputs, which may harm the credibility of these systems.
Approach: They propose a paradigm that generates adversarial examples using reinforcement learning to expose pitfalls for a given performance metric.
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Evaluating and Enhancing the Robustness of Neural Network-based Dependency Parsing Models with Adversarial Examples (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Previously studies focused on semantic tasks such as sentiment analysis, question answering and reading comprehension.
Approach: They propose two approaches to study where and how adversarial examples exist in dependency parsing . they use a state-of-the-art parser to find adversarials in existing texts .
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Reevaluating Adversarial Examples in Natural Language (2020.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: State-of-the-art adversarial examples lack a common definition of what constitutes success . human surveys show that to preserve semantics, we need to increase the minimum cosine similarities between the embeddings of swapped words and between the sentence encodings of original and perturbed sentences.
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Using Adversarial Examples in Natural Language Processing (L18-1)

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Challenge: Recent advances in machine learning have led to the use of adversarial examples in training of neural networks.
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A Closer Look into the Robustness of Neural Dependency Parsers Using Better Adversarial Examples (2021.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Neural network-based models have been successful in a wide range of NLP tasks, but their performance is undermined by adversarial examples that would pose no confusion for humans.
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Detection of Adversarial Examples in Text Classification: Benchmark and Baseline via Robust Density Estimation (2022.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Word-level adversarial attacks have shown success in NLP, decreasing performance of transformer-based models with smaller perturbation rate.
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A Prompt Array Keeps the Bias Away: Debiasing Vision-Language Models with Adversarial Learning (2022.aacl-main)

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Challenge: Large-scale, pretrained vision-language models are growing in popularity due to impressive performance on downstream tasks with minimal finetuning.
Approach: They propose to apply ranking metrics to image-text representations to investigate bias measures and debiasing methods to reduce various bias measures.
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Bridging by Word: Image Grounded Vocabulary Construction for Visual Captioning (P19-1)

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Challenge: Existing research on image captioning generates frequent n-grams with irrelevant words.
Approach: They propose to construct an image-grounded vocabulary incorporating visual information and relations among words into the decoding process directly.
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