Challenge: Scholars in interdisciplinary fields like the Digital Humanities are increasingly interested in semantic annotation of specialized corpora.
Approach: They propose an active learning solution for named entity recognition that maximizes a custom model’s improvement per additional unit of manual annotation.
Outcome: The proposed model reduces required annotation by 20-60% and outperforms a competitive active learning baseline.

Similar Papers

Exploiting Structure in Representation of Named Entities using Active Learning (C18-1)

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Challenge: Named entities are atomic objects of reference and reasoning in many knowledge-centric applications.
Approach: They propose an active-learning based framework that drastically reduces the labeled data required to learn entities' structures.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms handwritten programs and supervised learning models in relation extraction and entity resolution tasks.
Re-weighting Tokens: A Simple and Effective Active Learning Strategy for Named Entity Recognition (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing active learning approaches focus on information-rich sequences, reducing the need for expert annotation.
Approach: They propose a re-weighting-based active learning strategy that assigns dynamic weights to individual tokens.
Outcome: The proposed strategy improves on multiple corpora and validates its effectiveness.
Learning Structured Representations of Entity Names using Active Learning and Weak Supervision (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Structured representations of entity names are useful for many entity-related tasks such as entity normalization and variant generation.
Approach: They propose a framework that combines active learning and weak supervision to solve this problem.
Outcome: The proposed framework enables learning of high-quality models from a dozen labeled examples.
ALLabel: Three-stage Active Learning for LLM-based Entity Recognition using Demonstration Retrieval (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to solve the entity recognition task.
Approach: They propose a framework to select the most informative and representative samples for LLM in-context learning.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms baselines on three specialized domain datasets.
Coarse-to-Fine Pre-training for Named Entity Recognition (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Named Entity Recognition (NER) is a task of discovering information entities and identifying their corresponding categories.
Approach: They propose a NER-specific framework to inject coarse-to-fine named entity knowledge into pre-trained models by using a remote supervision strategy.
Outcome: The proposed framework achieves significant improvements against several pre-trained base-lines, demonstrating its effectiveness in label-few and low-resource scenarios.
Reassessing Active Learning Adoption in Contemporary NLP: A Community Survey (2026.eacl-long)

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Challenge: a longstanding strategy to reduce annotation costs is active learning . data annotation is expected to remain important and active learning to stay relevant .
Approach: They conduct an online survey to assess the perceived relevance of data annotation and active learning . they propose a strategy to reduce annotation costs using active learning, an iterative process .
Outcome: The proposed strategies reduce setup complexity and uncertainty cost while maintaining model performance.
A Little Annotation does a Lot of Good: A Study in Bootstrapping Low-resource Named Entity Recognizers (D19-1)

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Challenge: Named entity recognition models rely on large amounts of labeled data, making them challenging to extend to new, lower-resource languages.
Approach: They propose a method for bootstrapping named entity recognition models in under-resourced languages . they use cross-lingual transfer learning and targeted annotation of only uncertain entities .
Outcome: The proposed method achieves competitive accuracy with just one-tenth of training data.
Active Learning for Coreference Resolution using Discrete Annotation (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Exhaustively annotating coreference is expensive as it requires tracking coreference chains across long passages of text.
Approach: They propose a pairwise annotation technique which asks annotators to identify mention antecedents if a presented mention pair is not coreferent.
Outcome: The proposed method is much more efficient when combined with a mention clustering algorithm for selecting which examples to label . future work can use the proposed protocol to develop coreference models for new domains.
ProgGen: Generating Named Entity Recognition Datasets Step-by-step with Self-Reflexive Large Language Models (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable adaptability across domains, but they are often not suitable for structured knowledge extraction tasks such as named entity recognition (NER).
Approach: They propose a method that instructs LLMs to self-reflect on the specific domain and generates domain-relevant attributes for creating attribute-rich training data.
Outcome: The proposed method produces NER datasets in domains with domain-relevant attributes and generates entity terms and NER context data around these entities.
ALANNO: An Active Learning Annotation System for Mortals (2023.eacl-demo)

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Challenge: Active learning (AL) is a special family of machine learning algorithms designed to reduce labeling costs and improve accuracy.
Approach: They developed an open-source annotation system for NLP tasks equipped with features to make AL effective in real-world annotation projects.
Outcome: ALANNO is an open-source annotation system for NLP tasks equipped with features to make AL effective in real-world annotation projects.

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