Challenge: Existing studies have focused on the ability of neural models to compute and employ phrase-level features attached to a set of words, such as subject number or whquestion words.
Approach: They examine whether models can represent constituent-level features, using coordinated noun phrases as a case study.
Outcome: The proposed model can combine gender and gender features to drive downstream expectations, while having less success with gender agreement.

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Challenge: Non-local features have been shown crucial for statistical parsing, but local models can give highly competitive accuracies thanks to the power of dense neural input representations.
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Do Neural Language Models Inferentially Compose Concepts the Way Humans Can? (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: a new study shows that language models and humans may rely on different approaches to represent and compose lexical items across sentence structure.
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Causal Analysis of Syntactic Agreement Mechanisms in Neural Language Models (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Targeted syntactic evaluations have demonstrated the ability of language models to perform subject-verb agreement given difficult contexts.
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What do character-level models learn about morphology? The case of dependency parsing (D18-1)

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Challenge: morphologically rich languages require character-level input models to learn morphology, but some models are poor at disambiguating some words . authors of this study show that character- level models learn a lot from input input . explicit modeling of morphologies is expensive and expensive, authors say .
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Overestimation of Syntactic Representation in Neural Language Models (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Several testing methodologies have been developed to probe models’ syntactic representations.
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Parsing All: Syntax and Semantics, Dependencies and Spans (2020.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Syntactic and semantic structures are key linguistic contextual clues, but few studies have explored how they can be used to improve syntactical parsing.
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Do Neural Language Models Show Preferences for Syntactic Formalisms? (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Recent work on interpretability of deep neural language models concludes that many properties of natural language syntax are encoded in their representational spaces.
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Are Transformers a Modern Version of ELIZA? Observations on French Object Verb Agreement (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Recent studies have shown that unsupervised sentence representations of neural networks encode syntactic information by observing that neural language models are able to predict the agreement between a verb and its subject.
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Linguistic Frameworks Go Toe-to-Toe at Neuro-Symbolic Language Modeling (2022.naacl-main)

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Challenge: Existing models of language understanding are based on explicit representations of hierarchical structure, but there are good reasons to doubt that they can be said to understand language in any meaningful way.
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LSTMs Compose—and Learn—Bottom-Up (2020.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Recent work in NLP shows that LSTMs capture compositional structure in language data.
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