Challenge: Event detection (ED) and word sense disambiguation (WSD) are similar tasks, but they require different neural representations.
Approach: They propose a method to transfer the knowledge learned on WSD to ED by matching neural representations learned for the two tasks.
Outcome: The proposed method can be applied to event detection and word sense disambiguation datasets.

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Improved Word Sense Disambiguation Using Pre-Trained Contextualized Word Representations (D19-1)

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Challenge: Contextualized word representations are effective in downstream tasks such as question answering, named entity recognition, and sentiment analysis.
Approach: They propose to integrate pre-trained contextualized word representations into a neural network that captures the whole sentence and the word representation in the sentence.
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms the state-of-the-art approach that makes use of non-contextualized word embeddings on multiple benchmark WSD datasets.
Leveraging Gloss Knowledge in Neural Word Sense Disambiguation by Hierarchical Co-Attention (D18-1)

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Challenge: Existing models for Word Sense Disambiguation use labeled data, but lack gloss knowledge.
Approach: They propose a co-attention mechanism to generate co-dependent representations for context and gloss . they propose to incorporate gloss knowledge into neural networks for Word Sense Disambiguation .
Outcome: The proposed model achieves state-of-the-art results on standard English all-words WSD datasets.
A Deep Dive into Word Sense Disambiguation with LSTM (C18-1)

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Challenge: LSTM-based language models have been shown effective in Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) but neither the training data nor the source code was released.
Approach: They propose to use LSTM-based language models to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) using openly available datasets and software.
Outcome: The proposed method returned state-of-the-art performance in several benchmarks, but neither the training data nor the source code were released.
MWE as WSD: Solving Multiword Expression Identification with Word Sense Disambiguation (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Recent approaches to word sense disambiguation use encodings of the sense gloss and context information to improve performance.
Approach: They propose a poly-encoder architecture which uses the sense gloss to improve WSD performance.
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms the state-of-the-art in word sense disambiguation by 1.9 F1 points and on the PARSEME 1.1 English dataset.
Improved Word Sense Disambiguation with Enhanced Sense Representations (2021.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing supervised word sense disambiguation systems do not provide enough information about word senses.
Approach: They propose to incorporate synonyms, example phrases or sentences showing usage of word senses and sense gloss of hypernyms into the sense representations.
Outcome: The proposed system achieves an F1 score of 82.0% on the standard benchmark test dataset of the English all-words WSD task.
Word Sense Disambiguation: Towards Interactive Context Exploitation from Both Word and Sense Perspectives (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Recent Word Sense Disambiguation systems have approached the upper bound of the task on standard evaluation benchmarks.
Approach: They propose to convert the nearly isolated decisions into interrelated ones by exposing senses in context when learning sense embeddings in a similarity-based Sense Aware Context Exploitation architecture.
Outcome: The proposed approach surpasses state-of-the-art on English and multilingual datasets by large margins.
Semantic Specialization for Knowledge-based Word Sense Disambiguation (2023.eacl-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for knowledge-based Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) use only lexical knowledge to adapt contextualized embeddings.
Approach: They propose a semantic specialization where contextualized embeddings are adapted to the WSD task using only lexical knowledge.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms previous studies that adapt contextualized embeddings while controlling deviations from the original embeddables.
LTRS: Improving Word Sense Disambiguation via Learning to Rank Senses (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Conventional training strategies only consider predefined senses for target words and learn each of them from relatively limited instances, neglecting the influence of similar ones.
Approach: They propose a method to rank senses to improve the task of word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) by ranking an expanded list of sense definitions.
Outcome: The proposed method achieves a SOTA F1 score of 79.6% in Chinese WSD and shows faster convergence than previous methods.
Word Sense Linking: Disambiguating Outside the Sandbox (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) systems have performed well on several evaluation benchmarks, but it still struggles to find downstream applications.
Approach: They propose a task where systems have to identify which spans to disambiguate and link them to their most suitable meaning.
Outcome: The proposed task performs above the estimated inter-annotator agreement on a set of words . the proposed system is based on 'transformer-based' architectures and iteratively relaxes the assumptions .
Enhancing the Context Representation in Similarity-based Word Sense Disambiguation (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing similarity-based systems focus on learning sense embeddings using only the sentence where the word appears, neglecting its global context.
Approach: They propose a contextoriented embedding technique that takes better advantage of both word-level and sense-level global context of an ambiguous word for disambiguation.
Outcome: The proposed method improves on all-words WSD benchmarks in knowledge-based category by large margins.

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