Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance across various NLP tasks, but their effectiveness in ECI remains limited due to biases in causal reasoning.
Approach: They propose a structural example retrieval framework that leverages LLMs’ few-shot learning capabilities to help LLM models in ECI.
Outcome: The proposed framework leverages LLMs’ few-shot learning capabilities to guide LLM models in causal reasoning, mitigating bias and improving accuracy.

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Challenge: Large Language Models exhibit significant causal hallucination, but evaluation of their document-level ECI performance is lacking.
Approach: They propose to use Large Language Models to evaluate their document-level ECI performance . they propose a framework to mitigate the causal bias associated with using LLMs .
Outcome: The proposed framework significantly reduces the causal bias associated with using LLMs on ECI while also achieving superior performance.
Semantic Structure Enhanced Event Causality Identification (2023.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing methods for Event Causality Identification (ECI) capture implicit associations between events, which are difficult because they lack the ability to understand the associations between two events.
Approach: They propose a model that captures the implicit associations between two events and integrates the event-centric structure information into a GNN-based event aggregator.
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Enhancing Event Causality Identification with LLM Knowledge and Concept-Level Event Relations (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods to identify causal relationships between events often overlook the dependencies between similar events.
Approach: They propose an ECI method enhanced by LLM Knowledge and Concept-Level Event Relations (LKCER) the method constructs a conceptual-level heterogeneous event graph by leveraging local contextual information of related event mentions.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms previous state-of-the-art methods on both benchmarks, EventStoryLine and Causal-TimeBank.
Advancing Event Causality Identification via Heuristic Semantic Dependency Inquiry Network (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for ECI rely on causal features and external knowledge, but these methods fail in two dimensions: causal features between events in texts often lack explicit clues and external information may introduce bias.
Approach: They propose a simple and effective Semantic Dependency Inquiry Network for ECI that captures semantic dependencies within the context using a unified encoder and generates a fill-in token based on comprehensive context understanding.
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Hierarchical Selection of Important Context for Generative Event Causality Identification with Optimal Transports (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for Event Causality Identification (ECI) rely on external toolkits or human annotation to obtain training signals.
Approach: They propose a generative framework that leverages Optimal Transport to automatically select the most important sentences and words from full documents.
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Dr.ECI: Infusing Large Language Models with Causal Knowledge for Decomposed Reasoning in Event Causality Identification (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Existing solutions lack generalizability to unseen domains, underscoring the urgent need for generalization capabilities in the field of ECI.
Approach: They propose a multi-agent Decomposed reasoning framework for Event Causality Identification that incorporates specialized agents such as Causal Explorer and Mediator Detector.
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Event Causality Extraction with Event Argument Correlations (2022.coling-1)

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Challenge: Event Causality Identification (ECI) ignores crucial event structure and cause-effect component information, making it struggle for downstream applications.
Approach: They propose a task to extract event causality pairs with their structured event information from plain text.
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Modeling Document-level Causal Structures for Event Causal Relation Identification (N19-1)

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Challenge: a study aims to identify all the event causal relations in a document, both within a sentence and across sentences . main challenges for achieving comprehensive causal relation identification are sparse among all possible event pairs . few causal relations are explicitly stated, especially for identifying cross-sentence causal relations .
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Improving Event Causality Identification via Self-Supervised Representation Learning on External Causal Statement (2021.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing methods for event causality identification (ECI) rely on labeled data, but the scale of annotated datasets is limited.
Approach: They propose a self-supervised framework to learn context-specific causal patterns from external causal statements and adopt a contrastive transfer strategy to incorporate the learned context- specific causal patterns into the target ECI model.
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Graph Convolutional Networks for Event Causality Identification with Rich Document-level Structures (2021.naacl-main)

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Challenge: Existing models for document-level Event Causality Identification (ECI) are limited to intra-sentence contexts where event mention pairs are presented in the same sentences.
Approach: They propose a deep learning model that accepts inter-sentence event mention pairs . they use interaction graphs to capture relevant connections between important objects .
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