Challenge: Existing approaches to EL for historical texts require substantial training data or rely on domain-specific rules that limit scalability.
Approach: They propose an unsupervised ensemble approach combining a Small Language Model and an LLM for historical EL.
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms state-of-the-art models on four established benchmarks in six European languages from the 19th and 20th centuries.

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Challenge: Entity linking (EL) focuses on associating ambiguous mentions in text with corresponding entities in a knowledge graph.
Approach: Entity linking (EL) focuses on associating ambiguous mentions in text with corresponding entities in a knowledge graph.
Outcome: Experiments on four public benchmark datasets show that AELC achieves state-of-the-art performance.
LLM as Entity Disambiguator for Biomedical Entity-Linking (2025.acl-short)

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Challenge: Entity linking involves normalizing a mention in medical text to a unique identifier in a knowledge base, such as UMLS or MeSH.
Approach: They propose to use a large language model as an entity disambiguator to enhance the accuracy of alias-matching entity linking methods.
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A Survey of Confidence Estimation and Calibration in Large Language Models (2024.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities across a wide range of tasks in various domains, but they can be unreliable due to factual errors in their generations.
Approach: They summarize recent advances in LLM confidence estimation and calibration and outline their main lessons learned.
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KE-MHISTO: Towards a Multilingual Historical Knowledge Extraction Benchmark for Addressing the Long-Tail Problem (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Large Language Models struggle when probed for long-tail knowledge due to the inherent sparsity of such data.
Approach: They propose a multilingual benchmark for Entity Linking and Question Answering in the domain of historical music knowledge that provides broader coverage of long-tail knowledge.
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LlmLink: Dual LLMs for Dynamic Entity Linking on Long Narratives with Collaborative Memorisation and Prompt Optimisation (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods focus on supervised fine-tuning or limited to one-off prediction, which poses a challenge where the context is long.
Approach: They propose a dynamic approach to CoREFerence resolution in chunked long narratives by deploying dual Large Language Models.
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Leveraging the Power of Large Language Models in Entity Linking via Adaptive Routing and Targeted Reasoning (2025.emnlp-industry)

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Challenge: Entity Linking (EL) relies on large labeled datasets and extensive fine-tuning . lexical ambiguity, knowledge-intensive cases and low-context mentions are some of the challenges.
Approach: Entity Linking (EL) relies on large annotated datasets and extensive fine-tuning . authors propose a pipeline that integrates candidate generation, context-based scoring, adaptive routing, and selective reasoning .
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Large Language Models are good multi-lingual learners : When LLMs meet cross-lingual prompts (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Experimental results show that Large Language Models can generate rule-based data in long contexts without following all specified rules.
Approach: They propose a novel prompting strategy Multi-Lingual Prompt which automatically translates the error-prone rule that an LLM struggles to follow into another language, thus drawing greater attention to it.
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LLM2: Let Large Language Models Harness System 2 Reasoning (2025.naacl-short)

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Challenge: Empirical results on mathematical reasoning benchmarks substantiate the efficacy of Large language models (LLMs).
Approach: They propose a framework that combines an LLM with a process-based verifier to generate plausible candidates and provide timely process-driven feedback to distinguish desirable and undesirable outputs.
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Entity Linking in 100 Languages (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to multilingual entity linking are cross-lingual, with a focus on zero-shot evaluation.
Approach: They propose a new formulation for multilingual entity linking where language-specific mentions resolve to a language-agnostic Knowledge Base.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art models on a large multilingual dataset and shows that frequency-based analysis provided key insights for the model and training enhancements.
Multilingual Autoregressive Entity Linking (2022.tacl-1)

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Challenge: mGENRE is a sequence-to-sequence system for multilingual entity linking . mGenRE is used to solve language-specific mentions to a multilingual Knowledge Base .
Approach: They propose a sequence-to-sequence system for multilingual entity linking . they match language-specific mentions against a multilingual Knowledge Base (KB) mGENRE is a sequential system that predicts the name of the target entity token-by-token .
Outcome: The proposed system improves on three popular MEL benchmarks and shows improvements in accuracy.

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