From Cross-Task Examples to In-Task Prompts: A Graph-Based Pseudo-Labeling Framework for In-context Learning (2025.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | In-context learning (ICL) enables large language models to perform novel tasks without parameter updates by conditioning on a few input-output examples. |
| Approach: | They propose a cost-efficient two-stage pipeline that reduces reliance on LLMs for data labeling. |
| Outcome: | The proposed pipeline reduces reliance on LLMs for data labeling . it leverages readily available cross-task examples to prompt an LLM and pseudo-label a small set of target task instances. |
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| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed NLP with their remarkable In-context Learning capabilities. |
| Approach: | They propose to use large language models to generalize from labeled examples of predefined tasks to novel tasks . they use biological neurons and the Transformer architecture to study the potential for information sharing across tasks. |
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What In-Context Learning “Learns” In-Context: Disentangling Task Recognition and Task Learning (2023.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) can perform in-context learning (ICL) with only a few demonstrations, but its mechanisms are not well-understood. |
| Approach: | They characterize two ways in which LLMs leverage demonstrations to solve tasks with a few demonstrations. |
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Label Words as Local Task Vectors in In-Context Learning (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable abilities, one of the most important being in-context learning (ICL). |
| Approach: | They hypothesized that the network creates a task vector in specific positions during ICL, which can be computed by averaging across the dataset. |
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Multilingual LLMs are Better Cross-lingual In-context Learners with Alignment (2023.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | a handful of studies have explored ICL in a cross-lingual setting . emergence of large-scale, pretrained, Transformer-based language models has marked the commencement of an avant-garde era in NLP. |
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In-Context Learning Creates Task Vectors (2023.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | In-context learning (ICL) is a powerful new learning paradigm for Large Language Models (LLMs). |
| Approach: | They propose to use a model with a prompt and a query to learn a mapping based on two examples to produce the output. |
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Tutor-ICL: Guiding Large Language Models for Improved In-Context Learning Performance (2024.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | In-context learning (ICL) is a dominant paradigm in natural language processing. |
| Approach: | They propose a prompting method for classification tasks using exemplar answers in a *comparative format' they also propose introducing a test instance before the exemplars to improve performance . |
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Unveiling In-Context Learning: A Coordinate System to Understand Its Working Mechanism (2024.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Large language models exhibit remarkable in-context learning (ICL) capabilities, but the underlying working mechanism of ICL remains unclear. |
| Approach: | They propose a Two-Dimensional Coordinate System that unifies both views into a systematic framework that explains the behavior of ICL through two orthogonal variables: whether similar examples are presented in the demonstrations and whether LLMs can recognize the task. |
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Learning Task Representations from In-Context Learning (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for generalizing tasks to modalities beyond text fail to generalize effectively to linguistic tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a method for encoding task information in ICL prompts as a function of attention heads within the transformer architecture. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method extracts task-specific information from in-context demonstrations and excels in both text and regression tasks. |
Estimating Large Language Model Capabilities without Labeled Test Data (2023.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Large Language Models have shown impressive ability to perform in-context learning from only a few examples, but their accuracy varies widely from task to task. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that trains a meta-model using LLM confidence scores as features to perform ICL accuracy estimation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves over baselines across 7 out of 12 settings and achieves the same accuracy as evaluating on 40 sampled examples per task. |
Label Words are Anchors: An Information Flow Perspective for Understanding In-Context Learning (2023.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | In-context learning (ICL) is a promising capability for large language models (LLMs) but its underlying mechanism remains unexplored. |
| Approach: | They propose a demonstration compression technique to expedite inference and an analysis framework for diagnosing ICL errors in GPT2-XL. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves ICL performance and expedites inference. |