Challenge: Standard language models employ unique, monolithic embeddings for each token, limiting their ability to capture multifaceted meanings.
Approach: They propose a compositional structure that accumulates diverse semantic facets for tokens . they apply this representational scheme to standard transformer architectures and a biomedical domain benchmark .
Outcome: The proposed representational scheme achieves extreme compression in embedding parameters while maintaining >95% task performance relative to the base model.

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Challenge: Static word embeddings make strong claims about compositionality, but the SOTA generative models go too far in the other direction.
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Challenge: contextual language models are dominant in the field of Natural Language Processing, but they are not suitable for all uses.
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Learning to Compose Representations of Different Encoder Layers towards Improving Compositional Generalization (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Recent studies show that sequence-to-sequence (seq2sequ) models struggle with compositional generalization (CG) a crucial property of human language learning is its compositional globalization (GC), the algebraic ability to understand and produce a potentially infinite number of novel combinations from known components.
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Challenge: Modern Natural Language Processing models have a huge capacity, but this makes it difficult to employ.
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