Challenge: Existing methods for measuring Lexical Semantic Change are lacking historical benchmarks.
Approach: They propose a three-stage general-purpose evaluation framework that simulates theory-driven LSC using In-Context Learning and a lexical database.
Outcome: The proposed framework evaluates the sensitivity of computational methods to synthetic change and their suitability for detecting change in specific dimensions and domains.

Similar Papers

A Multidimensional Framework for Evaluating Lexical Semantic Change with Social Science Applications (2024.acl-long)

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Challenge: Historical linguists have identified multiple forms of lexical semantic change.
Approach: They propose a framework for integrating and evaluating lexical semantic changes in historical linguists and a unified computational methodology for evaluating them concurrently.
Outcome: The proposed framework enables lexical semantic change to be mapped economically and systematically and has applications in computational social science.
A Systematic Comparison of Contextualized Word Embeddings for Lexical Semantic Change (2024.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Contextualized embeddings are the preferred tool for modeling Lexical Semantic Change (LSC) current evaluations focus on a specific task known as Graded Change Detection (GCD) however, performance comparisons between different approaches are often misleading due to diverse settings.
Approach: They evaluate the performance of contextualized embeddings for Lexical Semantic Change (LSC) they break the problem into Word-in-Context (WiC) and Word Sense Induction (WSI) tasks .
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms other models on eight available benchmarks for Lexical Semantic Change (LSC) while comparable to GPT-4.
Definition generation for lexical semantic change detection (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: a number of studies have attempted to bridge the gap between lexical semantic change detection and sense-based LSCD methods.
Approach: They propose a sense distribution based LSCD method which uses contextualized word definitions as 'senses' they argue that the method preserves interpretability and allows to inspect the reasons behind a specific shift in terms of discrete definitions-as-sense.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms previous sense-based methods on five datasets and three languages and preserves interpretability and allows to inspect the reasons behind a specific shift in terms of discrete definitions-as-senses.
Evaluating Lexical Proficiency in Neural Language Models (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Recent advances in Natural Language Processing have been significantly shaped by the Deep Learning tsunami and the introduction of Transformer-based Language Models.
Approach: They validated a framework to assess the lexical proficiency and linguistic creativity of Transformer-based Language Models (LMs) by analyzing performance of LMs of different sizes across tasks involving the generation, definition, and contextual usage of lexicals, neologisms, and nonce words.
Outcome: The framework evaluates LMs in mono- and multilingual configuration across tasks involving the generation, definition, and contextual usage of lexicalized words, neologisms, and nonce words.
Analysing Lexical Semantic Change with Contextualised Word Representations (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Existing studies on lexical semantic change have focused on detecting and characterising word meaning shifts using distributional semantic models.
Approach: They propose a method that exploits the BERT neural language model to obtain representations of word usages, clusters these representations into usage types, and measures change along time with three proposed metrics.
Outcome: The proposed method captures a variety of synchronic and diachronic linguistic phenomena and is highly reproducible and reproducible.
Semantic-Eval : A Semantic Comprehension Evaluation Framework for Large Language Models Generation without Training (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) have emerged as key drivers of progress in the field of natural language processing.
Approach: They propose a framework that assesses LLM-generated text based on semantic understanding.
Outcome: The proposed framework surpasses traditional evaluation metrics and lags behind GPT-4.
A Wind of Change: Detecting and Evaluating Lexical Semantic Change across Times and Domains (P19-1)

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Challenge: Existing models for diachronic and synchronic detection of lexical semantic divergences are superficial and lack of comparison.
Approach: They propose to extend benchmark models on a common state-of-the-art evaluation task . they also demonstrate that the same evaluation task and modelling approaches can be utilised for synchronic detection of domain-specific sense divergences in the field of term extraction.
Outcome: The proposed model can be utilised for the detection of domain-specific sense divergences in the field of term extraction.
EvalSense: A Framework for Domain-Specific LLM (Meta-)Evaluation (2026.eacl-demo)

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Challenge: EvalSense is a flexible framework for constructing domain-specific evaluation suites for large language models . it provides out-of-the-box support for a broad range of model providers and evaluation strategies .
Approach: They propose a framework for constructing domain-specific evaluation suites for large language models.
Outcome: The proposed framework provides out-of-the-box support for a broad range of model providers and evaluation strategies.
XL-LEXEME: WiC Pretrained Model for Cross-Lingual LEXical sEMantic changE (2023.acl-short)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to the Word in Context task use cross-encoders, which prevent the possibility of deriving comparable word embeddings.
Approach: They propose a Lexical Semantic Change Detection model that extends SBERT, highlighting the target word in the sentence.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms the state-of-the-art on the multilingual benchmarks for SemEval-2020 Task 1 - Lexical Semantic Change (LSC) Detection and the RuShiftEval shared task.
Navigating the Modern Evaluation Landscape: Considerations in Benchmarks and Frameworks for Large Language Models (LLMs) (2024.lrec-tutorials)

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Challenge: General-purpose Language Models have changed the world of Natural Language Processing, if not the world itself.
Approach: This tutorial will lay the foundations and explain the basics of evaluation and compare traditional methods to newly developed methods.
Outcome: The tutorial assumes little familiarity with metrics, datasets, prompts and benchmarks . it will compare traditional methods to newly developed methods .

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