Challenge: Large language models exhibit positional bias, a problem that can undermine the completeness of conversation summarizations.
Approach: They propose a semantic similarity-based sentence-level metric to quantify positional bias in conversational summaries.
Outcome: The proposed benchmark provides the first systematic evaluation of positional bias in conversational summarization across languages and contexts.

Similar Papers

On Context Utilization in Summarization with Large Language Models (2024.acl-long)

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Challenge: Large language models excel in abstractive summarization tasks, delivering fluent and pertinent summaries.
Approach: They conduct the first comprehensive study on context utilization and position bias in summarization.
Outcome: The proposed benchmark compares two methods to alleviate position bias in summarization tasks.
Revisiting Zero-Shot Abstractive Summarization in the Era of Large Language Models from the Perspective of Position Bias (2024.naacl-short)

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Challenge: Position bias is a tendency of a model unfairly prioritizing information from certain parts of the input text over others, leading to undesirable behavior.
Approach: They propose to measure position bias in large language models for zero-shot summarization tasks by measuring position bias.
Outcome: The proposed model performance and position biases lead to new insights and discussion on zero-shot summarization tasks.
Characterizing Positional Bias in Large Language Models: A Multi-Model Evaluation of Prompt Order Effects (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Large Language Models can be influenced by various forms of biases, says a new study . positional bias affects how LLMs interpret and weigh information, the authors say .
Approach: a new study examines the impact of positional bias on large language models . positional biased models prioritize items based on their position rather than content or quality .
Outcome: a new study shows that LLMs prioritize items based on their position rather than content or quality . the positional bias affects how LLM interpret and weigh information, the authors say .
On Positional Bias of Faithfulness for Long-form Summarization (2025.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Large language models exhibit positional bias in long-context settings, under-attending to information in the middle.
Approach: They compile eight human-annotated long-form summarization datasets to evaluate faithfulness . they find that LLMs faithfully summarize beginning and end of documents but neglect middle content .
Outcome: The proposed methods show that LLMs under-attend to information in the middle of inputs.
Spot the BlindSpots: Systematic Identification and Quantification of Fine-Grained LLM Biases in Contact Center Call Summarization (2025.emnlp-industry)

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Challenge: Abstractive summarization is a core application in contact centers, where Large Language Models generate millions of summaries of call transcripts daily.
Approach: They propose a framework that uses an LLM as a zero-shot classifier to derive categorical distributions for each bias dimension in a pair of transcripts and its summary.
Outcome: The proposed framework identifies and quantifies 15 operational bias dimensions and measures them using two metrics: Fidelity Gap and Coverage.
Not Lost After All: How Cross-Encoder Attribution Challenges Position Bias Assumptions in LLM Summarization (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Position bias is a key limitation in automatic summarization.
Approach: They propose a cross-encoder-based alignment method that processes summary-source sentence pairs .
Outcome: The proposed method allows better identification of semantic correspondences even when summaries substantially rewrite the source.
LLMs Are Biased Towards Output Formats! Systematically Evaluating and Mitigating Output Format Bias of LLMs (2025.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Using format-following capabilities, state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs) can be leveraged to tailor outputs to specific task formats.
Approach: They propose to define a format bias evaluation metric and establish effective strategies to reduce it.
Outcome: The proposed evaluation reduces the variance in ChatGPT’s performance among wrapping formats from 235.33 to 0.71 (%2)
Bias in News Summarization: Measures, Pitfalls and Corpora (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Pretrained large language models can reproduce harmful social biases in constrained settings, such as summarization.
Approach: They propose a method to generate input documents with carefully controlled demographic attributes and then apply it to a controlled setting.
Outcome: The proposed method allows to generate input documents with carefully controlled demographic attributes while working with real-world input documents.
DateLogicQA: Benchmarking Temporal Biases in Large Language Models (2025.naacl-srw)

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Challenge: DateLogicQA examines temporal biases in Large Language Models (LLMs) 190 questions are curated by humans to examine temporal reasoning across date formats and contexts .
Approach: They propose a human-curated benchmark of 190 questions specifically designed to understand temporal bias in Large Language Models.
Outcome: The proposed dataset covers seven date formats across past, present, and future contexts . it examines four reasoning types: commonsense, factual, conceptual, and numerical .
STEER-BENCH: A Benchmark for Evaluating the Steerability of Large Language Models (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large language models can adapt outputs to align with community-specific norms, perspectives and communication styles.
Approach: They propose a benchmark to assess community-specific steering using contrasting reddit communities.
Outcome: STEER-BENCH assesses how well large language models understand community-specific instructions, their resilience to adversarial steering attempts, and their ability to accurately represent cultural and ideological perspectives.

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