Challenge: Quantization enables efficient deployment of large language models in resource-constrained environments . but impact on truthfulness remains largely unexplored .
Approach: They propose a framework to assess the truthfulness of quantized large language models . they find quantized models retain internally truthful representations but produce false outputs .
Outcome: The framework assesses the truthfulness of quantized models across three dimensions . it finds that quantized model models retain internally truthful representations but are more susceptible to false outputs .

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A Comprehensive Evaluation of Quantization Strategies for Large Language Models (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Quantization studies have focused on instruction-tuned LLMs, leaving their performance on other benchmarks unclear.
Approach: They propose a framework to evaluate quantized large language models using four dimensions . they propose to reduce the bits needed for model weights or activations with minimal performance loss .
Outcome: The proposed framework can retain comparable performance to non-quantized LLMs on most benchmarks.
Probing the Geometry of Truth: Consistency and Generalization of Truth Directions in LLMs Across Logical Transformations and Question Answering Tasks (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) are trained on vast corpora that contain substantial knowledge but their outputs often contain confidently stated inaccuracies.
Approach: They propose to encode truthfulness as a distinct linear feature, termed the "truth direction", which can classify truthfulness reliably.
Outcome: The proposed model can generalize to logical transformations, question-answering tasks, in-context learning, and external knowledge sources.
When Quantization Affects Confidence of Large Language Models? (2024.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Existing studies have shown that quantization compromises performance and exacerbates biases in Large Language Models.
Approach: They propose an explanation for quantization loss based on confidence levels . they propose a range of efficient compression and acceleration methods including quan-tization .
Outcome: The proposed methods show that quantization decreases confidence regarding true labels and that it exacerbates biases across different scales.
AI-LieDar : Examine the Trade-off Between Utility and Truthfulness in LLM Agents (2025.naacl-long)

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Challenge: LieDar is a framework to study how LLM-based agents navigate these scenarios in a multi-turn interactive setting.
Approach: They propose a framework to study how LLM-based agents navigate these scenarios in an interactive multi-turn setting.
Outcome: The proposed framework shows that all models are truthful less than 50% of the time, although truthfulness and goal achievement rates vary across models.
Do Emergent Abilities Exist in Quantized Large Language Models: An Empirical Study (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) require significant computational resources for deployment and use.
Approach: They propose to use low-bit quantization methods to reduce memory footprint and increase inference rate to improve performance of Large Language Models.
Outcome: The proposed methods can reduce the memory footprint and increase the inference rate of LLMs.
Quantized Can Still Be Calibrated: A Unified Framework to Calibration in Quantized Large Language Models (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing methods to quantify uncertainty of large language models (LLMs) but their influence on uncertainty calibration remains unexplored.
Approach: They propose an analytic method to estimate the upper bound of calibration error (UBCE) for quantized LLMs and propose a method to recover calibration errors through soft-prompt tuning.
Outcome: The proposed method improves the calibration accuracy of quantized models on multiple datasets and LLMs.
Does quantization affect models’ performance on long-context tasks? (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large language models support context windows exceeding 128K tokens, but this comes with significant memory requirements and high inference latency.
Approach: They present the first systematic evaluation of quantized LLMs on tasks with long inputs and long-form outputs.
Outcome: The proposed method preserves accuracy, while 4-bit methods lead to substantial losses . the results highlight the importance of a careful evaluation before deploying quantized LLMs .
LLM-QAT: Data-Free Quantization Aware Training for Large Language Models (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Several post-training quantization methods have been shown to perform well down to 8-bits.
Approach: They propose a data-free distillation method that leverages generations produced by the pre-trained model to quantize any generative model independent of its training data.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms SoTA PTQ and LLaMA models at low bit precision.
Revisiting Block-based Quantisation: What is Important for Sub-8-bit LLM Inference? (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing quantisation methods mainly focus on 8-bit LLMs . a lack of scaling offsets in the quantisation process limits the use of LLM inference.
Approach: They propose to use block quantisations to reduce scaling offsets in Large language models . they find that the block quantizations reduce scaling only from an arithmetic perspective .
Outcome: The proposed methods reduce scaling offsets solely from an arithmetic perspective without additional treatments in the computational path.
How Does Quantization Affect Multilingual LLMs? (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Quantization is widely used to improve inference speed and deployment of large language models.
Approach: They conduct a thorough analysis of quantized multilingual LLMs . they find language disparately affected by quantization, non-Latin script languages worst . authors urge consideration of multilingual performance as evaluation criterion for efficient models .
Outcome: The results show that quantization has harmful effects on human evaluation . language performance is disparately affected by quantization, the authors say .

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