Challenge: Existing large datasets (1k-10k transcripts) are generated via crowdsourcing and are inherently unnatural.
Approach: They curate a dataset of 40,000 two-person informational interviews from NPR and CNN . they find that LLMs are significantly less likely than human interviewers to use acknowledgements and pivot to higher-level questions.
Outcome: The proposed model is based on 40,000 interviews with journalists and CNN .

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Evaluating the Effectiveness of Large Language Models in Establishing Conversational Grounding (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: despite its importance, there has been limited research on conversational grounding in recent years . pre-trained language models have been costly and time-consuming to evaluate .
Approach: They evaluate the performance of large language models in various aspects of conversational grounding . they propose ways to enhance the capabilities of the models that lag in this aspect .
Outcome: The proposed model performance is based on pre-trained language models and a large pre-training dataset.
How Well Do Large Language Models Truly Ground? (2024.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Existing research defines “grounding” as having the correct answer, which does not ensure the reliability of the entire response.
Approach: They propose a stricter definition of grounding: fully utilizes the necessary knowledge from the provided context and stays within the limits of that knowledge.
Outcome: The proposed model can be ground on external contexts and maintain its correct answer.
Can LLMs Ground when they (Don’t) Know: A Study on Direct and Loaded Political Questions (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Using large language models, interlocutors can reach mutual understanding even when they do not possess perfect knowledge.
Approach: They examine whether loaded questions lead LLMs to engage in active grounding and correct false user beliefs in connection to their level of knowledge and their political bias.
Outcome: The proposed model can answer direct knowledge questions and loaded questions that presuppose misinformation, while ignoring false user beliefs.
Grounding Gaps in Language Model Generations (2024.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Effective conversation requires common ground, but it does not emerge spontaneously.
Approach: They propose a set of grounding acts and metrics that quantify attempted grounding . they find that large language models generate language with less conversational grounding than humans .
Outcome: The proposed models generate language with less conversational grounding than humans . compared to humans, they generate language that appears to presume common ground .
DIVKNOWQA: Assessing the Reasoning Ability of LLMs via Open-Domain Question Answering over Knowledge Base and Text (2024.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Retrievalaugmented LLMs have been used to ground LLM in external knowledge . a gap exists in the current landscape regarding the effectiveness of grounding LLM on heterogeneous knowledge sources.
Approach: They propose a model that uses symbolic language to generate symbolic queries . they use a dataset that is generated using predefined reasoning chains and human annotation .
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms previous approaches by a significant margin in QA tasks over text.
Do LLMs Plan Like Human Writers? Comparing Journalist Coverage of Press Releases with LLMs (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Journalists engage in multiple steps in news writing that depend on human creativity, such as exploring different “angles” and selecting sources.
Approach: They propose to use large language models to help journalists plan their news coverage . they find that LLMs recommend more creative angles and more informational sources .
Outcome: The proposed models align better with humans when recommending angles, compared with informational sources.
InteGround: On the Evaluation of Verification and Retrieval Planning in Integrative Grounding (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing grounding approaches work well for simple queries, but many real-world information needs require synthesizing multiple pieces of evidence.
Approach: They introduce "integrative grounding" to evaluate the ability to ground large language models in external knowledge sources.
Outcome: The proposed approach is robust to redundant evidence, but rationalizes using internal knowledge when information is incomplete.
Navigating Rifts in Human-LLM Grounding: Study and Benchmark (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Language models excel at following instructions but struggle with collaborative aspects of conversation that humans naturally employ.
Approach: They analyze logs from WildChat, MultiWOZ, and Bing Chat to examine grounding challenges . they propose a benchmark to determine when LLMs fail to initiate grounding .
Outcome: The proposed model predicts interactions that fail to ground with users . the proposed model is based on human-human interactions with humans .
How Accurate Are LLMs at Multi-Question Answering on Conversational Transcripts? (2025.emnlp-industry)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) are used for question answering over long contexts . high computational costs and latency hinder the process .
Approach: They explore the capabilities of Large Language Models to answer multiple questions based on the same conversational context.
Outcome: The proposed models outperform proprietary and public models in question answering . their results show that they can be cost-effective and transparent .
LUCID: LLM-Generated Utterances for Complex and Interesting Dialogues (2024.naacl-srw)

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Challenge: Existing datasets with limited domain coverage and few challenging conversational phenomena are often unlabelled . Existing data is limited in quality and lacks a robust evaluation process .
Approach: They propose a high quality data generation system that generates high quality dialogues using 4,277 conversations across 100 intents.
Outcome: The proposed system produces high quality dialogue data with high quality labels.

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