Challenge: a dataset of Chinese large language models is used to measure societal biases . many studies have shown that LLMs exhibit harmful societal biased outputs despite human data .
Approach: They present a Chinese Bias Benchmark dataset that includes over 100K questions constructed by human experts and generative language models.
Outcome: The proposed dataset covers stereotypes and societal biases in 14 social dimensions related to Chinese culture and values.

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McBE: A Multi-task Chinese Bias Evaluation Benchmark for Large Language Models (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing datasets on bias evaluation for large language models focus on English and North American culture and are limited to one task.
Approach: They propose to evaluate Chinese language models' biases from multiple perspectives using a multi-task Chinese Bias Evaluation Benchmark.
Outcome: The proposed model covers 12, 82 subcategories and 5 evaluation tasks covering a wide range of categories and content diversity.
PakBBQ: A Culturally Adapted Bias Benchmark for QA (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely adopted in language processing applications, but they often perpetuate harmful societal biases.
Approach: They propose a culturally and regionally adapted extension of the original Bias Benchmark for Question Answering dataset to address this gap.
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Quite Good, but Not Enough: Nationality Bias in Large Language Models - a Case Study of ChatGPT (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Nationality is a key demographic element that enhances the performance of large language models, but it has received less scrutiny regarding inherent biases.
Approach: They investigated nationality bias in ChatGPT, a large language model for text generation.
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TWBias: A Benchmark for Assessing Social Bias in Traditional Chinese Large Language Models through a Taiwan Cultural Lens (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Large language models have shown remarkable capabilities in natural language processing, but concerns about social bias amplification remain.
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Detecting Subtle Biases: An Ethical Lens on Underexplored Areas in AI Language Models Biases (2026.eacl-long)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly embedded in the daily lives of individuals across diverse social classes.
Approach: They propose to analyze LLMs' responses to 1,016 scenarios categorized into ethical, unethical, and neutral types.
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Towards Identifying Social Bias in Dialog Systems: Framework, Dataset, and Benchmark (2022.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: a number of safety concerns hinder the deployment of open-domain dialog systems, such as offensive languages and toxic behaviors, such social bias is difficult to detect.
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Uncovering Stereotypes in Large Language Models: A Task Complexity-based Approach (2024.eacl-long)

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Challenge: Recent Large Language Models (LLMs) have unlocked unprecedented applications of AI.
Approach: They propose to use a social benchmark to evaluate the bias protection provided by Large Language Models (LLMs) with a variety of tasks with varying complexities to assess their effectiveness.
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CMoralEval: A Moral Evaluation Benchmark for Chinese Large Language Models (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Recent years have witnessed remarkable progress achieved by large language models in both natural language understanding and generation.
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Societal Biases in Language Generation: Progress and Challenges (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Language generation techniques can produce undesirable societal biases that can negatively impact marginalized populations.
Approach: They propose to examine how decoding techniques contribute to biases in language generation . they also conduct experiments to quantify the effects of these techniques .
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CHBias: Bias Evaluation and Mitigation of Chinese Conversational Language Models (2023.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing studies on social biases in language models have focused on only English.
Approach: They propose to use a Chinese dataset for bias evaluation and mitigation of Chinese conversational language models.
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