Challenge: Aina Project aims to provide Catalan with the resources needed to keep its relevance in AI/NLP applications.
Approach: They propose a set of strategies to consider when improving technology support for a mid- or low-resource language . they propose annotated datasets and a framework to make models ready to use .
Outcome: The Aina Project aims to provide Catalan with the necessary resources to keep its relevance in AI/NLP-related industry and research.

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Challenge: Multilingual language models have been a crucial breakthrough for under-resourced languages . however, the superiority of language-specific models has already been proven for underresourced ones .
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Challenge: Existing LLMs mainly support English alongside a handful of high resource languages . this leaves a major gap for most low-resource languages despite increasing pace of research .
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LLMs for Low Resource Languages in Multilingual, Multimodal and Dialectal Settings (2024.eacl-tutorials)

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Challenge: Recent advances in AI can be attributed to the remarkable performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) success of LLMs depends on specific training techniques, such as instruction tuning and prompting .
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Challenge: Pretrained large language models (LLMs) can bridge the performance gap for under-resourced languages by substantial margins, as measured by both automatic and human evaluations.
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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) are impressive in solving tasks, but they can quickly be outdated after deployment.
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LLMs for Extremely Low-Resource Finno-Ugric Languages (2025.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Low-resource languages such as those in the Finno-Ugric family are underrepresented in large language models.
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Enhancing LLM Capabilities Beyond Scaling Up (2024.emnlp-tutorials)

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Challenge: general-purpose large language models (LLMs) are expanding in scale and access to unpublic training data.
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Challenge: Large language models are typically optimized for resource-rich languages like English . however, the proprietary nature of these models makes them impractical for many researchers and developers.
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Becoming a High-Resource Language in Speech: The Catalan Case in the Common Voice Corpus (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: a project to create a publicly available voice dataset for speech recognition systems in Catalan is a multifaceted challenge.
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NileChat: Towards Linguistically Diverse and Culturally Aware LLMs for Local Communities (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Current research directions rely on synthetic data generated by translating English corpora, which often fails to represent the cultural heritage and values of local communities.
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