Challenge: Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have propelled significant progress, extending their application across various domains including dialogue systems, text generation, translation systems, and beyond.
Approach: They propose to use the Word-in-Context (WiC) task to reassess the semantic knowledge encoded in large language models (LLMs) they prompt LLMs to generate natural language descriptions that contrast the meanings of the target word in two contextual sentences given in the WiC dataset.
Outcome: The proposed model significantly improves the classification accuracy of the two models.

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Evaluating LLMs’ Capability to Identify Lexical Semantic Equivalence: Probing with the Word-in-Context Task (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods to evaluate the capability of large language models to identify lexical semantic equivalence are not currently being used.
Approach: They propose to use the Word-in-Context (WiC) task to determine whether the meanings of a target word remain identical across different contexts to evaluate their capability.
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Do Large Language Models Understand Word Senses? (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have set new performance standards in a wide range of tasks.
Approach: They evaluate the Word Sense Disambiguation capabilities of instruction-tuned LLMs and their ability to understand word senses in three generative settings: definition generation, free-form explanation, and example generation.
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How Large Language Models Encode Context Knowledge? A Layer-Wise Probing Study (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Existing studies have focused on enhancing the factualness of large language models using context knowledge.
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GPT-RE: In-context Learning for Relation Extraction using Large Language Models (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to in-context learning (ICL) are lacking in relation extraction (RE) . emergence of large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-3 represents a significant advancement in natural language processing.
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Out-of-Context Reasoning in Large Language Models (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: a lightweight technique trains only new token embeddings on axioms and evaluates them on unseen tasks.
Approach: They propose a lightweight technique that trains only new token embeddings on axioms . they train only new embeddables and evaluate them on unseen tasks .
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Language Models Struggle to Use Representations Learned In-Context (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: a recent study shows that large language models are capable of inducing rich representations of data that are seen in-context . a novel task, adaptive world modeling, shows that even the most performant LLMs cannot reliably leverage novel semantics defined in-constitut.
Approach: They propose to use in-context representations to induce rich representations of data . they also propose to probe models using a novel task to enable flexible deployment .
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Enabling LLM Knowledge Analysis via Extensive Materialization (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) have majorly advanced NLP and AI, and a major success factor is their internalized factual knowledge.
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GPT-Fathom: Benchmarking Large Language Models to Decipher the Evolutionary Path towards GPT-4 and Beyond (2024.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Existing LLM leaderboards often reference scores reported in other papers without consistent settings and prompts, which may encourage cherry-picking favored settings and for better results.
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Can Large Language Models Understand Context? (2024.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Existing evaluation methodologies for Large Language Models (LLMs) have been inadequate to evaluate their ability to understand contextual features.
Approach: They propose a benchmark to assess large language models' ability to understand context by adapting existing datasets to suit their evaluation.
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Language Models can Exploit Cross-Task In-context Learning for Data-Scarce Novel Tasks (2024.acl-long)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed NLP with their remarkable In-context Learning capabilities.
Approach: They propose to use large language models to generalize from labeled examples of predefined tasks to novel tasks . they use biological neurons and the Transformer architecture to study the potential for information sharing across tasks.
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