Challenge: Auxiliary function is a useful component to improve language model’s code generation ability, but a systematic exploration of how they affect has yet to be done.
Approach: They construct a human-crafted evaluation set which contains examples of two functions where one function assists the other to examine their ability in a multifaceted way.
Outcome: The proposed model is underutilized to call the auxiliary function, suggesting future directions to enhance their implementation by eliciting the supplementary function call ability encoded in the models.

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Challenge: Using auxiliary functions to implement functions is important for instruction-tuned models because it reduces the implementation difficulty of a target function compared to implementing them from scratch.
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Challenge: Recent advances in natural language processing have impacted how models are trained for programming language tasks.
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TuringAdvice: A Generative and Dynamic Evaluation of Language Use (2021.naacl-main)

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Challenge: Empirical results show that today’s language models struggle at TuringAdvice . language models are getting ever-larger, and are being trained on ever-increasing quantities of text .
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Challenge: Large language models have been claimed to acquire certain capabilities without having been specifically trained on them.
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HumanEval Pro and MBPP Pro: Evaluating Large Language Models on Self-invoking Code Generation Task (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing benchmarks for code generation tasks are inadequate, but performance declines on self-invoking tasks.
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Challenge: Language models have shown impressive abilities in a range of natural language processing tasks.
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The Program Testing Ability of Large Language Models for Code (2024.emnlp-industry)

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Challenge: Recent development of large language models (LLMs) for code shows promise in achieving code intelligence.
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Overestimation of Syntactic Representation in Neural Language Models (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Several testing methodologies have been developed to probe models’ syntactic representations.
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Challenge: Recent work examines the cognitive capabilities of language models through psychological tests designed for humans.
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Challenge: Current methods for optimizing program efficiency improve performance measured by execution time, but they often come at the cost of severely decreasing the functional correctness.
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