Challenge: Prior studies have attempted to enhance faithfulness of abstractive summarization, yet hallucination remains a persistent challenge.
Approach: They propose a decoding strategy that adjusts the generation probability of each token by comparing it with the token’s marginal probability within the domain of the source text.
Outcome: The proposed method significantly improves faithfulness and source relevance on the XSUM dataset.

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Mutual Information Alleviates Hallucinations in Abstractive Summarization (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Abstractive summarization models exhibit the tendency to hallucinate, i.e., output content not supported by the source document.
Approach: They propose a decoding strategy that optimizes for pointwise mutual information of source and target tokens when models exhibit uncertainty.
Outcome: The proposed method decreases the probability of hallucinated tokens while maintaining the Rouge and BERT-S scores of top-performing decoding strategies.
Hallucinated but Factual! Inspecting the Factuality of Hallucinations in Abstractive Summarization (2022.acl-long)

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Challenge: State-of-the-art abstractive summarization systems often generate hallucinations, i.e., content that is not directly inferable from the source document.
Approach: They propose a detection approach that separates factual from non-factual hallucinations of entities by masked language models.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms baselines in accuracy and F1 scores and has a strong correlation with human judgments on factuality classification tasks.
Reducing Quantity Hallucinations in Abstractive Summarization (2020.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Abstractive summaries are subject to hallucination, but they are not very informative.
Approach: They propose to use a beam-worth of abstractive summaries to up-rank summary that is not supported by the original text.
Outcome: The proposed system up-ranks summaries whose quantity terms are supported by the original text without losing Recall, and shows higher Precision.
From Single to Multi: How LLMs Hallucinate in Multi-Document Summarization (2025.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: a recent study investigated hallucinations in multi-document summarization tasks . but, it is unclear how challenges arising from handling multiple documents affect outputs .
Approach: They investigate how hallucinations manifest in large language models when summarizing topic-specific information from a set of documents.
Outcome: The proposed benchmarks show that the models generate more hallucinations than baselines . the results highlight the need for more effective approaches to mitigate hallucinosity in MDS .
ACUEval: Fine-grained Hallucination Evaluation and Correction for Abstractive Summarization (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Recent-proposed evaluation metrics for large language models have a preference-bias . however, such metrics often lack interpretability and only offer a single score .
Approach: They propose a metric that leverages the power of large language models to perform two sub-tasks: decomposing summaries into atomic content units and validating them against the source document.
Outcome: The proposed metric improves faithfulness scores on three summarization evaluation benchmarks by 3% compared to the next-best metric.
Faithful to the Document or to the World? Mitigating Hallucinations via Entity-Linked Knowledge in Abstractive Summarization (2022.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing abstractive summarization systems are hampered by content hallucinations in which models generate text that is not directly inferable from the source alone.
Approach: They propose to use external knowledge to latently connect entities and concepts to latences to lend provenance to many of these unfaithful yet factual entities.
Outcome: The proposed model can be used to improve the factuality of summarizations without simply making them more extractive.
On Faithfulness and Factuality in Abstractive Summarization (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Existing conditional text generation models produce unfaithful and unfaithed summaries . current models accomplish a high level of fluency and coherence .
Approach: They propose to use pretrained models for document summarization to better understand hallucinations . they find that textual entailment measures better correlate with faithfulness .
Outcome: The proposed models generate faithful and factual summaries as evaluated by humans.
Mitigating Intrinsic Named Entity-Related Hallucinations of Abstractive Text Summarization (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Abstractive text summarization (ATS) is important and challenging, but some hallucinations remain a challenge.
Approach: They propose an adaptive margin ranking loss to facilitate two entity-alignment learning methods to tackle named entity-related hallucinations.
Outcome: The proposed method improves the baseline model on automatic evaluation scores.
Hallucination Diversity-Aware Active Learning for Text Summarization (2024.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Existing methods for alleviating hallucinations require costly human annotations . Existing approaches focus on a specific type of hallucinism, which limits their effectiveness .
Approach: They propose a method to detect hallucinations from errors in semantic frame, discourse and content verifiability in LLM summarization using HAllucination Diversity-Aware Sampling.
Outcome: The proposed framework reduces the need for costly human annotations to correct hallucinations in LLM outputs.
Learning with Rejection for Abstractive Text Summarization (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing abstractive summarization systems produce non-factual summaries due to noise in the training dataset.
Approach: They propose a training objective for abstractive summarization based on rejection learning that learns whether or not to reject potentially noisy tokens.
Outcome: The proposed method significantly improves the factuality of generated summaries in automatic and human evaluations when compared to baseline models.

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