Challenge: Prior work on compression prioritizes preserving perplexity, which is analogous to training loss.
Approach: They examine the impact of model compression along four dimensions: degeneration harm, representational harm, dialect bias, and language modeling and downstream task performance.
Outcome: The proposed compression methods can lead to unexpected consequences, the authors show . quantization preserves bias while pruning degrades quickly.

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Understanding the Effect of Model Compression on Social Bias in Large Language Models (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) trained with self-supervision on vast corpora of web text fit to the social biases of that text, leading to representational harm.
Approach: They propose to use quantization and knowledge distillation to reduce the computational burden of LLMs to mitigate the effects of inappropriate social biases learned during pretraining.
Outcome: The proposed methods reduce the computational burden of large language models by reducing their size and complexity.
The Cost of Compression: Investigating the Impact of Compression on Parametric Knowledge in Language Models (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing research on LLM compression focuses on general metrics like perplexity or downstream task accuracy.
Approach: They propose to quantify the effect of pruning and quantization on model quality . they use the LAMA and LM-Harness benchmarks to quantify compression techniques .
Outcome: The proposed compression techniques provide faster inference, smaller memory footprints, and enables local deployment.
A Comparative Study on the Impact of Model Compression Techniques on Fairness in Language Models (2023.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing literature demonstrates that compressing deep learning models could affect their fairness.
Approach: They evaluate pruned, distilled, and quantized language models to assess their fairness . they also examine the impact of using multilingual models and evaluation measures .
Outcome: The proposed methods can reduce the fairness of language models by reducing their complexity and reducing the cost of training and deployment.
Scaling Down, Serving Fast: Compressing and Deploying Efficient LLMs for Recommendation Systems (2025.emnlp-industry)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across a wide range of industrial applications.
Approach: They propose two techniques for training and deploying small language models that deliver high performance for a variety of industry use cases.
Outcome: The proposed techniques retain much of the quality of larger models while reducing training/serving costs and latency.
Robustness Challenges in Model Distillation and Pruning for Natural Language Understanding (2023.eacl-main)

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Challenge: Recent studies have focused on compressing pre-trained language models (PLMs) however, few studies have examined the impact of compression on generalizability and robustness of compressed models for out-of-distribution data.
Approach: They propose to use knowledge distillation and pruning to reduce model generalization and generalization on out-of-distribution data.
Outcome: The proposed compression techniques overfit on shortcut samples and generalize poorly on hard ones.
On the Impact of Calibration Data in Post-training Quantization and Pruning (2024.acl-long)

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Challenge: Quantization and pruning are the foundations of compression for large language models . however, no prior work has investigated how calibration data impacts performance of compression methods.
Approach: They propose an empirical study on the effect of calibration data on LLM performance.
Outcome: The proposed methods improve performance in a post-training setting.
When Compression Meets Model Compression: Memory-Efficient Double Compression for Large Language Models (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) exhibit excellent performance in various tasks, but memory requirements present a challenge when deploying on memory-limited devices.
Approach: They propose a framework to compress LLM after quantization further, achieving about 2.2x compression ratio.
Outcome: The proposed model can achieve 40% reduction in memory size with negligible loss in accuracy and inference speed.
On the Limitations of Language-targeted Pruning: Investigating the Calibration Language Impact in Multilingual LLM Pruning (2026.tacl-1)

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Challenge: Recent advances in large language model pruning have shown high predictive performance in post-training settings.
Approach: They conduct an empirical study on the performance and internal representation changes associated with pruning multilingual models for monolingual applications.
Outcome: The proposed pruning methods retain perplexity and yield high signal-to-noise ratios, but not consistently improve downstream tasks.
Language Models Resist Alignment: Evidence From Data Compression (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) may exhibit undesirable behaviors due to the inevitable biases and harmful content present in training.
Approach: They propose to investigate the elasticity of large language models by examining their performance.
Outcome: The proposed model performance declines rapidly before reverting to the pre-training distribution, the authors show . the proposed model weight and code are available at pku-lm-res ist-alignment.github.io.
LVLM-Compress-Bench: Benchmarking the Broader Impact of Large Vision-Language Model Compression (2025.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: LVLMs have been shown to perform well on simple uni-modal benchmarks, but their detailed study on multi-modal models is still lacking.
Approach: They propose a framework to analyze the impact of compression on LVLMs on multi-modal input driven tasks.
Outcome: The proposed framework analyzes the impact of compression on generative performance of large vision language models on multi-modal input driven tasks.

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