Challenge: Existing models of layout reading order do not convey the complete reading order information in the layout.
Approach: They propose to model layout reading order as ordering relations over layout elements . they propose a reading-order-relation-enhancing pipeline to improve model performance .
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms existing models on a visual-rich document dataset and on eight cross-domain VrD-IE/QA tasks without targeted optimization.

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Rethinking Reading Order: Toward Generalizable Document Understanding with LLM-based Relation Modeling (2026.eacl-long)

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Challenge: Document understanding requires modeling structural and semantic relationships between layout elements within the document without human supervision.
Approach: They propose a cost-effective paradigm that leverages large language models to infer global RO and inter-element layout relations without human supervision.
Outcome: Experiments on Semantic Entity Recognition, Entity Linking, and Document Question Answering show that the proposed model improves on baseline models while preserving the robustness of existing models.
Reading Order Matters: Information Extraction from Visually-rich Documents by Token Path Prediction (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Recent advances in multimodal pre-trained models have significantly improved information extraction from visually-rich documents (VrDs).
Approach: They propose a method to predict token sequences within visually-rich documents by a simple prediction head.
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LayoutReader: Pre-training of Text and Layout for Reading Order Detection (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for reading order detection are too laborious to annotate large datasets.
Approach: They propose to use a large-scale dataset to annotate reading order information for document images . they use XML metadata to capture the reading order of WORD documents .
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ERNIE-Layout: Layout Knowledge Enhanced Pre-training for Visually-rich Document Understanding (2022.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing methods for visually rich document understanding lack layout-centered knowledge . experimental results show that ERNIE-Layout improves layout awareness .
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Unveiling the Deficiencies of Pre-trained Text-and-Layout Models in Real-world Visually-rich Document Information Extraction (2026.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: PTLMs have shown remarkable success in multiple information extraction tasks . however, their performance in real-world scenarios falls short of expectations .
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LayoutLLM: Large Language Model Instruction Tuning for Visually Rich Document Understanding (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods to enhance document comprehension require fine-tuning for each task and dataset, and are expensive to train and operate.
Approach: They propose a more flexible document analysis method that integrates visual-rich document understanding with large-scale language models (LLMs) by leveraging existing research in document image understanding and LLMs’ superior language understanding capabilities, the proposed model performs an understanding of document images in a single model.
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Entity Relation Extraction as Dependency Parsing in Visually Rich Documents (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing studies on key information extraction from visually rich documents focus on labeling the text within bounding boxes, while relations between words are unexplored.
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LayoutLMv2: Multi-modal Pre-training for Visually-rich Document Understanding (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing pre-training tasks for text and layout are effective in visually-rich document understanding tasks.
Approach: They propose to combine pre-training tasks with a multi-modal model to model interaction between text, layout and image in a single multi-module framework.
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FocalOrder: Focal Preference Optimization for Reading Order Detection (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing methods for document comprehension rely on uniform supervision, resulting in a performance degradation in the intermediate sections.
Approach: They propose a framework driven by Focal Preference Optimization to detect reading order in document layouts.
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LayoutMask: Enhance Text-Layout Interaction in Multi-modal Pre-training for Document Understanding (2023.acl-long)

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Challenge: Pre-trained models on document images with transformer-based backbones have led to significant performance gains in this field.
Approach: They propose a multi-modal pre-training model that combines text, layout and image . they propose to use local 1D position instead of global 1D positions as layout input .
Outcome: The proposed model can achieve state-of-the-art results on a wide variety of VrDU problems.

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