Challenge: Previous work bases the timing of questions on supervised models learned from interactions between humans.
Approach: They propose to ground the need for questions in the acting agent's predictive uncertainty by using the T5 encoder-decoder architecture to solve a Minecraft Collaborative Building task.
Outcome: The proposed model can detect ambiguous instructions and predict responses better than previous models.

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Aligning Language Models to Explicitly Handle Ambiguity (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) are not specifically trained to deal with ambiguous utterances . ambiguity can lead to varying interpretations of the same input based on different assumptions or background knowledge .
Approach: They propose a pipeline that aligns large language models to manage ambiguous queries . they propose to use their own assessment of perceived ambiguity to detect and manage queries a .
Outcome: Experimental results show that APA empowers LLMs to detect and manage ambiguous queries while retaining the ability to answer clear questions.
Structured Uncertainty guided Clarification for LLM Agents (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to clarifying tasks fail when user instructions are ambiguous or incomplete.
Approach: They propose a principled formulation of structured uncertainty that operates directly over tool parameters and their domains.
Outcome: The proposed framework improves when2call accuracy and training-time sample efficiency.
Asking the Right Question at the Right Time: Human and Model Uncertainty Guidance to Ask Clarification Questions (2024.eacl-long)

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Challenge: Using model uncertainty as supervision for deciding when to ask may not be the most effective way to resolve model uncertainty.
Approach: They propose to generate clarification questions based on model uncertainty estimation and compare it to several alternatives to generate questions .
Outcome: The proposed approach improves the model uncertainty of a collaborative dialogue task and shows that it is more effective than other alternatives.
Clarify When Necessary: Resolving Ambiguity Through Interaction with LMs (2025.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Ambiguity is embedded throughout natural language, and even simple utterances can have multiple interpretations when read in isolation.
Approach: They propose a task-agnostic framework for evaluating a system’s ability to determine when to ask for clarification.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms existing uncertainty estimation approaches at identifying predictions that will benefit from clarification.
ASK: Aspects and Retrieval based Hybrid Clarification in Task Oriented Dialogue Systems (2025.acl-industry)

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Challenge: Ambiguous user queries pose a challenge in task-oriented dialogue systems . Large Language Models (LLMs) rely on the top-k retrieved documents for clarification . traditional approaches lack principled mechanisms to determine when to use broad domain knowledge vs specific retrieved document context for clarification.
Approach: They propose a hybrid approach that dynamically chooses between document-based or aspect-based clarification based on query ambiguity.
Outcome: The proposed approach shows significant improvements over baselines on product troubleshooting and product search datasets.
Asking Clarification Questions to Handle Ambiguity in Open-Domain QA (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Ambiguous questions persist in open-domain question answering because formulating a precise question with a unique answer is often challenging.
Approach: They propose to ask a clarification question where the user’s response will help identify the interpretation that best aligns with the user's intention.
Outcome: The proposed approach achieves F1 of 61.3, 25.1, and 40.5 on the three tasks, demonstrating the need for further improvements while providing competitive baselines for future work.
We’re Afraid Language Models Aren’t Modeling Ambiguity (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Ambiguity is an intrinsic feature of natural language, allowing us to anticipate misunderstandings and revise our interpretations as listeners.
Approach: They use AmbiEnt to capture ambiguity in a sentence and analyze it to evaluate pretrained LMs.
Outcome: The proposed model can flag political claims in the wild that are misleading due to ambiguity.
Trick or Neat: Adversarial Ambiguity and Language Model Evaluation (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Direct prompting fails to detect ambiguity while linear probes can decode ambiguities with high accuracy, sometimes exceeding 90%.
Approach: They introduce an adversarial ambiguity dataset that includes syntactic, lexical, and phonological ambiguities along with adversarials.
Outcome: The proposed dataset includes syntactic, lexical, and phonological ambiguities along with adversarial variations.
Learning to Execute Actions or Ask Clarification Questions (2022.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Existing work on Minecraft Corpus Dataset only learns to execute instructions neglecting the importance of asking for clarifications.
Approach: They propose to annotate all builder utterances into eight types, including clarification questions, and propose a builder agent model capable of determining when to ask or execute instructions.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms existing models on the collaborative building task with a substantial improvement.
Detecting Ambiguous Utterances in an Intelligent Assistant (2024.emnlp-industry)

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Challenge: ambiguous utterances can be interpreted as either chat or task intents in intelligent assistants . ambiguity of intent is particularly noticeable in intelligent devices where task-oriented and non-task-oriented utterrances are mixed and most utterations are short due to characteristics of devices.
Approach: They propose to feed sentence embeddings developed from microblogs and search logs with a self-attention mechanism to detect ambiguous utterances robustly.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms baselines and a strong LLM-based model.

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