| Challenge: | Existing studies on visually grounded grammar induction have not evaluated text domains that are different from the training domain. |
| Approach: | They extend visually grounded grammar induction model to transfer across text domains . they find that benefits transfer to text in a domain similar to the training domain . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can transfer across text domains but fails to transfer to remote domains. |
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Visually Grounded Compound PCFGs (2020.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing work on visual groundings for language understanding has been drawing much attention. |
| Approach: | They propose to use an extension of probabilistic context-free grammar model to do fully-differentiable end-to-end visually grounded learning. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms the previous grounded model and significantly outperformed the previous model on the MSCOCO test captions. |
Grounded PCFG Induction with Images (2020.aacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Recent work in unsupervised parsing has tried to incorporate visual information into learning, but results suggest that these models need linguistic bias to compete against models that only rely on text. |
| Approach: | They propose to use visual information from images for labeled parsing and compare them to existing models which only use text. |
| Outcome: | The proposed models achieve state-of-the-art results on multilingual induction datasets even without help from linguistic knowledge or pretrained image encoders. |
The Return of Lexical Dependencies: Neural Lexicalized PCFGs (2020.tacl-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to grammar induction focus on discovering constituents or dependencies. |
| Approach: | They propose to model lexical dependencies using context free grammars instead of lexicals . they show that this unified framework induces both constituents and dependencies . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model overcomes sparsity problems and induces constituents and dependencies better than the current methods. |
Re-evaluating the Need for Visual Signals in Unsupervised Grammar Induction (2024.findings-naacl)
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Boyi Li, Rodolfo Corona, Karttikeya Mangalam, Catherine Chen, Daniel Flaherty, Serge Belongie, Kilian Weinberger, Jitendra Malik, Trevor Darrell, Dan Klein
| Challenge: | Recent studies show multimodal inputs can improve grammar induction, but weak textual baselines are needed for training. |
| Approach: | They use a fixed grammar family to compare multimodal grammar induction methods . they find multimodal inputs can improve grammar induction by grounding textual inputs to the visual world . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms weaker baselines on four benchmark datasets. |
Depth-bounding is effective: Improvements and evaluation of unsupervised PCFG induction (D18-1)
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| Challenge: | Recent attempts to improve grammar induction systems by bounding complexity of the model have not been compared against unbounded induction models. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a Bayesian induction inducer to limit the search space of the model and then sample trees with or without bounding. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model produces trees more accurately than or competitively with state-of-the-art constituency grammar induction models. |
Incorporating Visual Semantics into Sentence Representations within a Grounded Space (D19-1)
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| Challenge: | Language grounding is an active field aiming at enriching textual representations with visual information. |
| Approach: | They propose to transfer visual information to textual representations by learning an intermediate representation space: the grounded space. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms the previous state-of-the-art on classification and semantic relatedness tasks. |
Character-based PCFG Induction for Modeling the Syntactic Acquisition of Morphologically Rich Languages (2021.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing models for syntactic acquisition are word-based and do not inspect functional affixes. |
| Approach: | They propose a computer-based induction model that allows a clean ablation of the influence of subword information in grammar induction. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model is more accurate in morphologically richer languages with subword information than word-based models. |
Visually Grounded Neural Syntax Acquisition (P19-1)
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| Challenge: | a visually grounded neural syntax learner is an approach for learning syntactic representations without any supervision. |
| Approach: | They propose a visually grounded neural syntax learner that acquires syntax by looking at images and reading captions. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms unsupervised approaches on the MSCOCO data set . it is more stable with choice of initialization and amount of training data, the authors show . |
Video-aided Unsupervised Grammar Induction (2021.naacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods of multi-modal grammar induction focus on grammar inducing from text-image pairs, but videos provide even richer information, such as static objects and actions. |
| Approach: | They propose a video-aided grammar induction model which learns a constituency parser from unlabeled text and its corresponding video. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms existing systems on three benchmarks. |
Learning Visually Grounded Sentence Representations (N18-1)
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| Challenge: | Unsupervised sentence representation models suffer from the grounding problem because of lack of association between symbols and external information. |
| Approach: | They train a sentence encoder to predict image features of a caption and use them as sentence representations. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves on word embeddings and word representations on standard benchmarks. |