Challenge: Modern large language models are evaluated on extrinsic measures based on benchmarks such as GLUE and SuperGLUE.
Approach: They propose a benchmark to intrinsically evaluate large language models across a taxonomy of analogies of long text with six levels of complexity.
Outcome: The proposed benchmark evaluates LLMs across a taxonomy of analogies of long text with six levels of complexity.

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AnaloBench: Benchmarking the Identification of Abstract and Long-context Analogies (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Analogical reasoning is an important part of human communication, says a new study . a benchmark to determine analogical reasoning ability in language models is needed .
Approach: They propose to benchmark analogical reasoning ability in language models by collecting 340 analogies from human writings.
Outcome: The proposed benchmark aims to determine analogical reasoning ability in language models.
Beneath Surface Similarity: Large Language Models Make Reasonable Scientific Analogies after Structure Abduction (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing studies have focused on word analogies, but they neglect structures that underpin analogical reasoning.
Approach: They propose a task to abduct structures that form an analogy between two systems to evaluate their analogical reasoning abilities.
Outcome: The proposed task is based on 400 scientific analogies from 13 different fields and is compared with a standard SCAR benchmark.
On the Relationship between Sentence Analogy Identification and Sentence Structure Encoding in Large Language Models (2024.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Analogies facilitate the transfer of meaning and knowledge from one domain to another.
Approach: They propose to use large language models to encode syntactic and semantic structures of sentences to identify sentence analogies.
Outcome: The LLMs which capture syntactic structures better, also have higher abilities in identifying sentence analogies.
Metaphor and Large Language Models: When Surface Features Matter More than Deep Understanding (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing studies on metaphor processing have focused on single datasets and specific task settings, often using artificially constructed data through lexical replacement.
Approach: They propose to evaluate the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) in metaphor interpretation across multiple datasets, tasks, and prompt configurations.
Outcome: The proposed frameworks are more realistic and efficient than current models and are more efficient than existing models.
E-KAR: A Benchmark for Rationalizing Natural Language Analogical Reasoning (2022.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing benchmarks to test word analogy do not reveal the underneath process of analogical reasoning of neural models.
Approach: They propose an explanation benchmark for analogical reasoning using a Civil Service exam . they use a free-text explanation scheme to explain whether an analogy should be drawn .
Outcome: The proposed benchmark is very challenging for state-of-the-art models, it is found.
StoryAnalogy: Deriving Story-level Analogies from Large Language Models to Unlock Analogical Understanding (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Analogy-making between narratives is crucial for human reasoning . despite its importance, there has been limited research on story analogies .
Approach: They construct a large-scale story-level analogy corpus with 24K story pairs . they find that the tasks are incredibly difficult for large language models such as ChatGPT .
Outcome: The proposed corpus contains 24K story pairs from diverse domains with human annotations on two similarities from the extended Structure-Mapping Theory.
ANALOGYKB: Unlocking Analogical Reasoning of Language Models with A Million-scale Knowledge Base (2024.acl-long)

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Challenge: ANALOGYKB is a million-scale analogy knowledge base based on existing knowledge graphs (KGs) based upon relational knowledge triples, we can discover new analogies using the corresponding relations between concepts.
Approach: They propose a million-scale analogy knowledge base derived from existing knowledge graphs (KGs) ANALOGYKB identifies analogies of the same relations and analogies from analogous relations .
Outcome: The proposed model enables both smaller LMs and LLMs to gain better analogical reasoning capabilities.
Automatic Extraction of Metaphoric Analogies from Literary Texts: Task Formulation, Dataset Construction, and Evaluation (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have shown to be difficult to extract metaphors from free text because they can involve some implicit concepts and link dissimilar concepts.
Approach: They compare the ability of large language models to extract metaphors from literary texts using domain experts.
Outcome: The proposed models can extract metaphors from literary texts without using domain experts.
The Word Analogy Testing Caveat (N18-2)

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Challenge: a number of word analogy tests are used to evaluate word embeddings . word embeds are used as a proxy for semantics and syntax à la Harris .
Approach: They propose to use word embeddings as a proxy for distributional similarity . they propose to apply a transfer learning approach to word embeds to improve performance .
Outcome: The proposed method improves performance across a wide range of NLP tasks.
Can language models learn analogical reasoning? Investigating training objectives and comparisons to human performance (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Analogical reasoning is a common way to evaluate word embeddings in NLP, but it is also of interest to investigate whether or not it is able to be learned.
Approach: They propose to use proportional analogies to evaluate word embeddings in NLP . they also test whether analogical reasoning is a task in itself that can be learned .
Outcome: The proposed models can learn analogical reasoning even with small amounts of data.

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