Challenge: Disagreement can reflect different aspects of linguistic annotation, from annotators’ subjectivity to sloppiness or lack of context to interpret a text.
Approach: They propose a taxonomy of possible reasons leading to annotators' disagreement in subjective tasks and manually label part of a Twitter dataset for offensive language detection in english following this taxonomies.
Outcome: The proposed taxonomy of disagreements in linguistic datasets can be used to assess how accurate tweets belonging to different disagreement categories can be classified as offensive or not.

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Challenge: supervised learning is a key component of offensive language detection, but there is little attention given to the quality of annotated data.
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You Are What You Annotate: Towards Better Models through Annotator Representations (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Annotator disagreement is ubiquitous in natural language processing tasks.
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Dealing with Disagreements: Looking Beyond the Majority Vote in Subjective Annotations (2022.tacl-1)

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Challenge: Annotators may systematically disagree with one another, reflecting their individual biases and values, especially in the case of subjective tasks such as detecting affect, aggression, and hate speech.
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When the Majority is Wrong: Modeling Annotator Disagreement for Subjective Tasks (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: a number of studies have questioned assumptions of majority vote aggregated labels.
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The Perspectivist Paradigm Shift: Assumptions and Challenges of Capturing Human Labels (2024.naacl-long)

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Challenge: a line of recent work has illustrated that annotators disagree for many reasons . capturing disagreements can improve model performance and calibration, authors argue .
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Investigating Reasons for Disagreement in Natural Language Inference (2022.tacl-1)

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Challenge: Several disagreements in natural language inference (NLI) annotation are due to uncertainty in the sentence meaning, others to annotator biases and task artifacts.
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Which Examples Should be Multiply Annotated? Active Learning When Annotators May Disagree (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Disagreement in annotations is natural for humans, depending on background, identity, positionality . many active learning approaches focus on examples where model entropy and annotator entropicy are the most different.
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Is LLM an Overconfident Judge? Unveiling the Capabilities of LLMs in Detecting Offensive Language with Annotation Disagreement (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing studies focus on evaluating large language models' ability to handle disagreement cases.
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Are We Modeling the Task or the Annotator? An Investigation of Annotator Bias in Natural Language Understanding Datasets (D19-1)

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Challenge: Having only a few workers generate the majority of dataset examples raises concerns about data diversity .
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Subjective Crowd Disagreements for Subjective Data: Uncovering Meaningful CrowdOpinion with Population-level Learning (2023.acl-long)

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Challenge: Annotator disagreements are resolved before learning takes place, but researchers question the performance of a system when annotators disagree.
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