Challenge: Existing methods to attack natural language models are difficult to apply due to the requirements.
Approach: They propose a black-box attack method that generates adversarial examples using dead code insertion.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art black-box attack in both attack efficiency and attack quality on 9 victim downstream-task large code models.

Similar Papers

DCE-LLM: Dead Code Elimination with Large Language Models (2025.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Dead code can obscure logical errors and be exploited for obfuscation in malware.
Approach: They propose a framework for automated dead code elimination using a codeBERT model with an attribution-based line selector.
Outcome: Experimental results show that DCE-LLM outperforms existing tools for dead code elimination . dead code can obscure logical errors and be exploited for obfuscation in malware .
Large Language Models Are Better Adversaries: Exploring Generative Clean-Label Backdoor Attacks Against Text Classifiers (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Backdoor attacks manipulate model predictions by inserting malicious "poison" instances that contain a specific pattern or "trigger."
Approach: They propose an attack that inserts style-based triggers into training and test data by using a poison selection technique to improve the effectiveness of both LLMBkd and existing backdoor attacks.
Outcome: The proposed attack achieves high success rates across a wide range of styles with little effort and no model training.
A Black-Box Attack on Code Models via Representation Nearest Neighbor Search (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing methods for generating adversarial code examples face challenges such as limted availability of substitute variables and the creation of adversarials with noticeable perturbations.
Approach: They propose a search seed based on historical attacks to find adversarial substitutes . they employ a pre-trained variable name encoder to map the search seed to a continuous vector space .
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms baseline methods in terms of ASR and QT.
White-to-Black: Efficient Distillation of Black-Box Adversarial Attacks (N19-1)

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Challenge: Recent work in natural language processing generates adversarial examples using white-box access . a neural network can learn to emulate the behavior of a white- box attack and generalize well to new examples.
Approach: They propose an adversarial training approach that assumes white-box access to an attacker's model and optimizes the input directly against it.
Outcome: The proposed approach reduces example generation time by 19x-39x and exposes the Google Perspective API vulnerability.
Attacking Misinformation Detection Using Adversarial Examples Generated by Language Models (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large language models can be used to attack content filtering algorithms in social media platforms.
Approach: They propose to generate adversarial examples to test the robustness of social media content filtering algorithms.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms existing models in the case of propaganda, false claims, rumours and hyperpartisan news.
A Simple, Yet Effective Approach to Finding Biases in Code Generation (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Recent work shows that large language models can generate code on par with humans . however, data-driven approaches may not be sufficient for acquiring reasoning skills .
Approach: They propose a framework that automatically identifies subtle cues a code generation model might exploit . they propose an automated intervention mechanism reminiscent of adversarial testing .
Outcome: The proposed framework can be used as a data transformation technique during fine-tuning, acting as reversal strategy.
Large Language Models Are Involuntary Truth-Tellers: Exploiting Fallacy Failure for Jailbreak Attacks (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing research has shown that large language models have difficulty discerning the veracity of their intrinsic answers.
Approach: They propose a jailbreak attack method that generates an aligned language model for malicious output.
Outcome: The proposed method achieves competitive performance with more harmful outputs.
BAE: BERT-based Adversarial Examples for Text Classification (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Recent studies have exposed the vulnerability of text classification models to adversarial examples . perturbed versions of the original text are indiscernible by humans and misclassified by the model .
Approach: They propose a black box attack for generating adversarial examples using contextual perturbations from a BERT-masked language model.
Outcome: The proposed attack produces examples with improved grammaticality and semantic coherence compared to previous work.
DPDLLM: A Black-box Framework for Detecting Pre-training Data from Large Language Models (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing methods to detect pretraining data from large language models are unrealistic to them.
Approach: They propose to detect pre-training data from LLM in a black-box way by using GPT-2 as reference model and feed it with sequence probabilities to detect whether it was used to train it.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms existing methods on the benchmark datasets and shows that it is effective on different popular LLMs.
Rethinking Stealthiness of Backdoor Attack against NLP Models (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing backdoor attacks are not stealthy to system deployers or users.
Approach: They propose a novel backdoor attack method based on negative data augmentation and modifying word embeddings that is much stealthier while maintaining pretty good attacking performance.
Outcome: The proposed method is much stealthier while maintaining pretty good attacking performance.

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