Challenge: Large pretrained language models are often domain- or task-adapted via finetuning or prompting.
Approach: They propose to use domain-adaptive pretraining to prepare large pretrained language models for domain- or task-adaptation by learning to learn the difference between general and adapted PLMs.
Outcome: Experiments on few-shot dialogue completion, low-resource abstractive summarization, and multi-domain language modeling show improvements in adaptation time and performance over finetuning or preparation via domain-adaptive pretraining.

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Recent Advances in Pre-trained Language Models: Why Do They Work and How Do They Work (2022.aacl-tutorials)

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Challenge: Pre-trained language models are language models that are pre-taught on large-scaled corpora in a self-supervised fashion.
Approach: This tutorial provides a broad and comprehensive introduction to pre-trained language models . it focuses on emerging methods that enable PLMs to perform diverse downstream tasks .
Outcome: This tutorial focuses on the benefits of pre-trained language models and how to use them in NLP tasks.
Modular Monolingual Adaptation using Pretrained Language Models (2026.acl-industry)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to building monolingual models for low-resource languages require a full model tuning process.
Approach: They propose a modular approach to build monolingual models for low-resource languages by finetuning the whole model on the target language.
Outcome: The proposed model improves on natural language understanding tasks on Scottish Gaelic, Irish, and Quechua with Quechuan being a very low-resource language.
Performance-Efficiency Trade-Offs in Adapting Language Models to Text Classification Tasks (2022.aacl-short)

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Challenge: Pre-trained language models (LMs) are state-of-the-art when adapted to text classification tasks.
Approach: They compare fine-tuning, prompting, and knowledge distillation procedures to train pre-trained language models to downstream tasks.
Outcome: The proposed training procedures perform better when trained with fine-tuning or prompting on large train sets than when trained by prompting or fine-untun.
Systematic Analysis for Pretrained Language Model Priming for Parameter-Efficient Fine-tuning (2024.naacl-srw)

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Challenge: Parameter-efficient (PE) methods for adapting pre-trained language models to downstream tasks are still lacking in many cases.
Approach: They propose a general PE priming framework to enhance few-shot adaptation and generalization ability of PE methods.
Outcome: The proposed framework reveals that the best priming strategy facilitates adaptation to target tasks.
Evaluating Parameter Efficient Learning for Generation (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Parameter efficient learning methods (PERMs) are gaining attention for their ability to adapt to a downstream task.
Approach: They propose to use parameter efficient learning methods to improve model adaptation . they compare in-domain evaluations and generalizations to unseen domains and new datasets .
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms finetuning and PERMs in in-domain evaluations.
Small Models, Big Impact: Efficient Corpus and Graph-Based Adaptation of Small Multilingual Language Models for Low-Resource Languages (2025.acl-srw)

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Challenge: Low-resource languages (LRLs) face significant challenges in natural language processing due to limited data.
Approach: They evaluate adapter-based methods for adapting mLMs to low-resource languages . they use unstructured text and structured knowledge from ConceptNet to evaluate adapters .
Outcome: The proposed methods outperform large language models and LLaMA-3 and deepSeek-R1 models on low training data.
Learning to Adapt to Low-Resource Paraphrase Generation (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Conventional approaches to paraphrase generation often rely on a large number of parallel paraphrases, which require a lot of domain knowledge.
Approach: They propose an adapter for paraphrase generation models optimized by meta-learning to overcome domain shifting problem when training on scarce labeled data.
Outcome: The proposed model achieves state-of-the-art on three benchmark datasets.
Language Adaptation of Large Language Models: An Empirical Study on LLaMA2 (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Popularity of Large Language Models (LLMs) has seen a skyrocketing increase in recent years.
Approach: They present a systematic review of the language adaptation process for Large Language Models including vocabulary expansion, continued pre-training, and instruction fine-tuning.
Outcome: The proposed model is based on empirical studies conducted on LLaMA2 and discussions on various settings affecting the model's capabilities.
How to Adapt Your Pretrained Multilingual Model to 1600 Languages (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Pretrained multilingual models perform best for languages seen during pretraining . methods exist to improve performance for unseen languages, but have been evaluated using amounts of raw text only available for a small fraction of the world’s languages.
Approach: They evaluate the performance of existing methods to adapt pretrained multilingual models to new languages using a resource available for close to 1600 languages: the New Testament.
Outcome: The proposed models perform best for languages seen during pretraining . the results show that the most efficient approach is simplest and the most accurate .
On the Importance of Effectively Adapting Pretrained Language Models for Active Learning (2022.acl-short)

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Challenge: Recent active learning approaches in NLP use off-the-shelf pretrained language models (LMs) . a poor training strategy can be catastrophic for AL, authors argue .
Approach: They propose to first adapt the pretrained LM to the target task and then use it for AL.
Outcome: The proposed approach provides substantial data efficiency improvements compared to the standard fine-tuning approach.

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