Challenge: Existing methods to train pre-trained language models for zero-shot cross-lingual tasks are noisy and lack confidence.
Approach: They propose an uncertainty-aware cross-lingual transfer framework with pseudo-partial-label to maximize the utilization of unlabeled data by reducing noise.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms baselines on named entity recognition and natural language inference tasks on 40 languages.

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Boosting Cross-Lingual Transfer via Self-Learning with Uncertainty Estimation (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Recent pre-trained language models have achieved remarkable zero-shot performance . we propose a self-learning framework that utilizes unlabeled data of target languages .
Approach: They propose a self-learning framework that utilizes unlabeled data of target languages to select silver labels for cross-lingual transfer tasks.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms baseline models on two cross-lingual tasks by 10 F1 on average and 2.5 accuracy on natural language inference (NLI).
A Robust Self-Learning Framework for Cross-Lingual Text Classification (D19-1)

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Challenge: Recent advances in pretrained contextual representation models have made significant progress on a number of different English NLP tasks.
Approach: They propose a robust framework to include unlabeled non-English samples in the fine-tuning process of pretrained multilingual representation models.
Outcome: The proposed framework includes unlabeled non-English samples in the fine-tuning process of pretrained multilingual representation models.
Improving Self-training for Cross-lingual Named Entity Recognition with Contrastive and Prototype Learning (2023.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing methods to bridge the linguistic gap between self-training and monolingual named entity recognition (NER) however, due to sub-optimal performance on target languages, the pseudo labels are noisy and limit the overall performance.
Approach: They propose to combine representation learning and pseudo label refinement in one coherent framework to improve self-training for cross-lingual named entity recognition (NER)
Outcome: The proposed method improves cross-lingual named entity recognition (NER) on multiple transfer pairs.
Multilinguality Does not Make Sense: Investigating Factors Behind Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer in Sense-Aware Tasks (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Cross-lingual transfer allows models to perform tasks in languages unseen during training and is often assumed to benefit from increased multilinguality.
Approach: They challenge this assumption by analyzing polysemy disambiguation and lexical semantic change in 28 languages and using confounding factors to account for perceived advantages.
Outcome: The proposed models and benchmarks are compared across 28 languages and show that multilingual training is neither necessary nor beneficial for effective transfer.
Cross-Lingual Syntactic Transfer through Unsupervised Adaptation of Invertible Projections (P19-1)

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Challenge: Current systems for syntactic analysis tasks rely heavily on large scale annotated data.
Approach: They propose to learn a generative model with a structured prior that uses labeled source and unlabeled target data jointly.
Outcome: The proposed model improves on part-of-speech tagging and dependency parsing tasks on English as the only source corpus and on a wide range of target languages.
Model and Data Transfer for Cross-Lingual Sequence Labelling in Zero-Resource Settings (2022.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing studies have proposed data-based cross-lingual transfer as an effective technique for cross-linguistic sequence labelling, but they have failed to perform well.
Approach: They propose to use data-based cross-lingual transfer to train supervised models from a source language to unlabelled target languages.
Outcome: The proposed techniques outperform data-based cross-lingual transfer approaches in a zero-shot setting.
A Simple and Effective Method to Improve Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer Learning (2022.coling-1)

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Challenge: Existing zero-shot cross-lingual transfer methods rely on parallel corpora or bilingual dictionaries . however, its effect is limited by the gap between embedding clusters of different languages .
Approach: They propose Embedding-Push, Attention-Pull, and Robust targets to transfer English embeddings to virtual multilingual embedders without semantic loss.
Outcome: Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms existing methods on cross-lingual tasks and can achieve a better multilingual alignment.
Make the Best of Cross-lingual Transfer: Evidence from POS Tagging with over 100 Languages (2022.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing studies on cross-lingual generalisability of large pre-trained models use English training data and test data in unseen languages.
Approach: They propose to use multilingual pre-trained models to model cross-lingual transfer in a selection of target languages.
Outcome: The proposed model can be used to improve cross-lingual transfer performance in low-resource languages with no labeled training data.
Deep Pivot-Based Modeling for Cross-language Cross-domain Transfer with Minimal Guidance (D18-1)

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Challenge: a framework for cross-domain and cross-language transfer has hardly been explored . cross-linguistic and cross language transfer methods are used for multilingual applications .
Approach: They propose a framework that builds on pivot-based learning, structure-aware Deep Neural Networks and bilingual word embeddings to train a model on labeled data from one language pair.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms existing models even when trained in the lazy setup . the proposed model can be applied to nine English-German and nine English - french domain pairs without retraining .
DeMuX: Data-efficient Multilingual Learning (2024.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Pre-trained multilingual models have enabled deployment of NLP technologies for multiple languages, but their performance under an annotation budget remains an open question.
Approach: They propose a framework that prescribes the exact data-points to label from vast amounts of unlabelled multilingual data, having unknown degrees of overlap with the target set.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms strong baselines in 84% of the test cases in the zero-shot setting of disjoint source and target language sets.

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