Challenge: Sparse Mixer encoder model outperforms BERT on GLUE and SuperGLUE, trains 65% faster and runs inference 61% faster.
Approach: They combine the capacity of sparsely gated Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) with the speed and stability of linear, mixing transformations to design the Sparse Mixer encoder model.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms BERT on GLUE and SuperGLUE but trains and runs twice as fast.

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Fixing MoE Over-Fitting on Low-Resource Languages in Multilingual Machine Translation (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Sparsely gated Mixture of Experts (MoE) models are a compute-efficient method to scale model capacity for multilingual machine translation tasks.
Approach: They propose a regularization strategy that prevents over-fitting of MoE models on low-resource tasks and conditional MoE Routing and curriculum learning methods that prevent over- fitting.
Outcome: The proposed methods improve the performance of MoE models on low-resource tasks without adversely affecting high-res tasks.
A Closer Look into Mixture-of-Experts in Large Language Models (2025.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Mixture-of-experts (MoE) architectures are gaining increasing attention for their unique properties and remarkable performance.
Approach: They propose a mixture-of-experts architecture that allows for model scaling without sacrificing computational efficiency.
Outcome: The proposed model increases model size without sacrificing computational efficiency . the proposed model is modular and can be used by a broad spectrum of practitioners .
Bag of Tricks for Sparse Mixture-of-Experts: A Benchmark Across Reasoning, Efficiency, and Safety (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing benchmarks focus on isolated aspects of MoE, with conflicting conclusions . a lack of consensus on optimal design choices is limiting to specific aspects of the model.
Approach: They propose to evaluate two popular MoE backbones across four dimensions of design choices . they find token-level routing and z-loss regularization improve reasoning performance .
Outcome: The proposed framework evaluates two popular MoE backbones on over eight metrics.
XMoE: Sparse Models with Fine-grained and Adaptive Expert Selection (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: XMoE leverages small experts and a threshold-based router to selectively engage only essential parameters.
Approach: They propose a novel MoE that leverages small experts to selectively engage only essential parameters.
Outcome: The proposed model can reduce computation load at MoE layers by over 50% without sacrificing performance.
CLIP-UP: A Simple and Efficient Mixture-of-Experts CLIP Training Recipe with Sparse Upcycling (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models are crucial for scaling model capacity while controlling inference costs.
Approach: They propose an alternative training strategy that converts a dense CLIP model into a sparse MoE architecture.
Outcome: The proposed training strategy outperforms dense models on COCO and Flickr30k benchmarks.
Scaling Vision-Language Models with Sparse Mixture of Experts (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: a study explores the effectiveness of mixture-of-experts (MoE) techniques in scaling vision-language models . alayrac and colleagues demonstrate the effectiveness and performance of MoE in scaling VLMs .
Approach: They propose to use sparsely-gated mixture-of-experts techniques to scale vision-language models . they show that MoE can achieve state-of the-art performance over dense models a range of benchmarks .
Outcome: The proposed approach achieves state-of-the-art performance over dense models of equivalent computational cost.
Faster MoE LLM Inference for Extremely Large Models (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing inference optimizations for coarse-grained Mixture-of-Experts models implicitly assume a fixed activation budget, which is poorly understood.
Approach: They propose a training-free policy that adapts token-level activation using router confidence and entropy while remaining within the model’s original budget.
Outcome: The proposed skipping policy can provide substantial throughput gains, but optimal static schedules vary significantly across models and routing mechanisms.
Efficiently Editing Mixture-of-Experts Models with Compressed Experts (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Mixture-of-Experts models allow for efficient scaling of large language models . fewer experts reduce computational costs, while more experts improve performance .
Approach: They propose to activate only a subset of experts during training and inference . they propose compressed experts that preserve the most important experts .
Outcome: The proposed approach preserves the most important experts while replacing other auxiliary activated experts with compressed experts.
Parameter-Efficient Sparsity Crafting from Dense to Mixture-of-Experts for Instruction Tuning on General Tasks (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated considerable proficiency in general natural language processing tasks.
Approach: They propose a parameter-efficient sparsity crafting method which crafts dense models into sparse models using the mixture-of-experts architecture.
Outcome: The proposed method significantly reduces computational costs and GPU memory requirements, while maintaining the quality of approximation in function space.
Beyond Distillation: Task-level Mixture-of-Experts for Efficient Inference (2021.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) is a successful approach for scaling multilingual translation models to billions of parameters without a proportional increase in training computation.
Approach: They propose to use a task-level routing approach to extract smaller, ready-to-deploy sub-networks from large sparse models by ignoring distillation.
Outcome: Experiments on WMT and a web-scale dataset show that task-level routing outperforms token-level MoE models by +1.0 BLEU on average across 30 language pairs.

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