Challenge: Biomedical research has progressed at a tremendous pace, with PubMed2 indexing well over 1M publications per year in the past eight years.
Approach: They propose a semi-supervised procedure that bootstraps biomedical NLI datasets from positive entailment examples present in biomedically published texts.
Outcome: The proposed procedure bootstraps biomedical NLI datasets from positive entailment examples from biomedically challenging texts.

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MedNLI Is Not Immune: Natural Language Inference Artifacts in the Clinical Domain (2021.acl-short)

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Challenge: a large number of crowdworker-constructed datasets have been used to conduct natural language inference (NLI) on unstructured, domainspecific texts such as patient notes, pathology reports, and scientific papers.
Approach: They investigate whether MedNLI contains lexical and syntactic annotation artifacts associated with annotation process that allow hypothesis-only classifiers to achieve better-than-random performance.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms a majority-class baseline model on a physician-annotated dataset with premises extracted from clinical notes.
Lessons from Natural Language Inference in the Clinical Domain (D18-1)

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Challenge: State of the art models with deep neural networks lack generalization capabilities in specialized domains where training data is limited.
Approach: They propose a dataset annotated by doctors performing a natural language inference task grounded in the medical history of patients.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms existing models in the clinical domain by incorporating domain knowledge from external data and lexical sources.
Adversarial NLI: A New Benchmark for Natural Language Understanding (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: a new large-scale NLI benchmark dataset is presented to test models on a variety of popular NLIs.
Approach: They propose a large-scale NLI benchmark dataset that is iteratively compared with a human-and-model-in-the-loop procedure.
Outcome: The proposed method can be applied in a never-ending learning scenario, becoming a moving target for NLU, rather than a static benchmark that will quickly saturate.
Avoiding the Hypothesis-Only Bias in Natural Language Inference via Ensemble Adversarial Training (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Neural models pick up on annotation artefacts and spurious correlations, resulting in learning sentences that suffer from the same biases.
Approach: They propose to tackle this problem by using adversarial training to reduce the bias in sentence representations by using an ensemble of adversaries.
Outcome: The proposed approach produces more robust models outperforming previous de-biasing efforts when generalised to 12 other NLI datasets.
MorphNLI: A Stepwise Approach to Natural Language Inference Using Text Morphing (2025.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Existing models fail to capture important semantic features of logic such as monotonicity and negation.
Approach: They propose a modular step-by-step approach to natural language inference . they use a language model to generate edits to incrementally transform the premise into the hypothesis .
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms baseline models in realistic cross-domain settings with improvements up to 12.6% (relative).
Generating Natural Language Adversarial Examples (D18-1)

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Challenge: Recent research has shown that deep neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial examples, perturbations to correctly classified examples which can cause the model to misclassify.
Approach: They propose to generate adversarial examples that fool well-trained sentiment analysis and textual entailment models by using a black-box population-based optimization algorithm.
Outcome: The proposed model is able to fool well-trained sentiment analysis and textual entailment models with success rates of 97% and 70%, respectively.
BBAEG: Towards BERT-based Biomedical Adversarial Example Generation for Text Classification (2021.naacl-main)

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Challenge: Recent efforts to generate adversaries using rule-based synonyms and BERT-MLMs have been witnessed in general domain, but the ever-increasing biomedical literature poses unique challenges.
Approach: They propose a black-box attack algorithm for biomedical text classification that uses rule-based synonyms and BERT-MLMs to generate adversarial examples.
Outcome: The proposed algorithm performs stronger with better language fluency and semantic coherence than previous work.
BioReddit: Word Embeddings for User-Generated Biomedical NLP (D19-62)

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Challenge: a corpus of medical-themed posts was scrapped from Reddit to train word embeddings on downstream tasks.
Approach: They propose to train word embeddings from a corpus of medical forums from reddit scrapping posts from medical-themed subreddits.
Outcome: The proposed system outperforms embeddings trained on general purpose data or on scientific papers when applied on user-generated content.
Hy-NLI: a Hybrid system for Natural Language Inference (2020.coling-main)

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Challenge: Recent work has revealed the generalization difficulties of deep models . however, such models fail to perform well on adversarial datasets with challenging linguistic phenomena.
Approach: They propose a hybrid system that learns to identify an NLI pair as linguistically challenging or not . their system uses symbolic or deep learning components to make the final inference decision .
Outcome: The proposed system outperforms existing models on adversarial datasets and on mainstream datasets.
AdvEntuRe: Adversarial Training for Textual Entailment with Knowledge-Guided Examples (P18-1)

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Challenge: Recent deep learning entailment systems have achieved close to human level performance on large datasets, but the problem is far from solved.
Approach: They propose a knowledge-guided adversarial example generator for incorporating large lexical resources into entailment models via only a handful of rule templates and a natural language example generator that iteratively adjusts to the discriminator’s weaknesses.
Outcome: The proposed methods increase accuracy by 4.7% on SciTail and 2.8% on a 1% sub-sample of SNLI.

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