Challenge: Recent work in training large language models to follow natural language instructions has opened up exciting opportunities for natural language interface design.
Approach: They propose to train large language models to follow natural language instructions and to test whether LLMs improve the quality of the generated content.
Outcome: The proposed system is competitive to publicly available LLMs trained on instructions and can satisfy unseen compositional instructions.

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Constrained Language Models for Interactive Poem Generation (2022.lrec-1)

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Challenge: Neural language models cannot learn constraints from data, which is scarce for a well-resourced language such as French.
Approach: They propose a system that combines neural language models with constraints that can be set by users on form, topic, emotion, and rhyming scheme.
Outcome: The proposed system generates poems and stanzas using LMs and rule-based algorithms . it has been demonstrated at public events and log analysis shows that users found it engaging .
Automatic Poetry Generation from Prosaic Text (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: In recent years, successful approaches have emerged to accurately model various aspects of natural language.
Approach: They propose to combine neural networks with a poetry generation system that only uses standard text as input . they use standard text to model syntactic well-formedness and topical coherence .
Outcome: The proposed framework is applied to the generation of poems in English and French . it uses standard, non-poetic text and its output is constrained to confer a poetic character .
Instruction-Guided Poetry Generation in Arabic and Its Dialects (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing literature on Arabic poetry has focused on analysis tasks such as interpretation or metadata prediction, e.g., rhyme schemes and titles.
Approach: They propose to use a large-scale instruction-based dataset to generate Arabic poetry based on predefined criteria such as style and rhyme .
Outcome: The proposed model can generate poetry that is aligned with user requirements, based on automated metrics and human evaluation with native Arabic speakers.
Automatic Poetry Generation with Mutual Reinforcement Learning (D18-1)

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Challenge: Existing models for automatic poetry generation are based on maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) MLE-based models tend to remember common patterns of the poetry corpus, which results in loss-evaluation mismatch.
Approach: They propose to model the criteria and use them as explicit rewards to guide gradient update by reinforcement learning to motivate the model to pursue higher scores.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms the current state-of-the-art model and improves on Chinese poetry.
Don’t Go Far Off: An Empirical Study on Neural Poetry Translation (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: despite improvements in machine translation quality, automatic poetry translation remains a challenging problem . et al., a study of automatic poetry translators shows that multilingual fine-tuning on poetic data outperforms bilingual fine-timing on non-poetic text .
Approach: They propose to use poetic parallel corpora for 6 languages to study poetry translation . they find that multilingual fine-tuning on poetic data outperforms bilingual fine-uning .
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms bilingual and multilingual models on poetic data . the proposed model is based on a parallel dataset of poetry translations for several languages .
What is the Best Way for ChatGPT to Translate Poetry? (2024.acl-long)

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Challenge: Despite promising results, our analysis reveals persistent issues in the translations generated by ChatGPT that warrant attention.
Approach: They propose an Explanation-Assisted Poetry Machine Translation method which leverages monolingual poetry explanation as a guiding information for the translation process.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms traditional translation methods of ChatGPT and the existing online systems in English-Chinese poetry translation.
Jiuge: A Human-Machine Collaborative Chinese Classical Poetry Generation System (P19-3)

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Challenge: Existing systems for automatic poetry generation are model-oriented, resulting in poor user participation.
Approach: They propose a human-machine collaborative Chinese classical poetry generation system called Jiuge . Jiuge allows users to revise unsatisfied parts of a generated poem draft repeatedly .
Outcome: The proposed system allows users to revise unsatisfied parts of a generated poem draft repeatedly.
CoEdIT: Text Editing by Task-Specific Instruction Tuning (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: We present a large language model for writing assistance that is fine-tuned on task-specific instructions.
Approach: They propose a large language model that is fine-tuned on task-specific instructions and outputs the edited text.
Outcome: The proposed model performs better than other state-of-the-art models on various editing benchmarks while being 60x smaller.
ByGPT5: End-to-End Style-conditioned Poetry Generation with Token-free Language Models (2023.acl-long)

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Challenge: End-to-end models learn to complete a task by directly learning all steps, without intermediary algorithms such as hand-crafted rules or post-processing.
Approach: They propose to train end-to-end poetry generation conditioned on styles such as rhyme, meter, and alliteration . they pre-train ByGPT5, a new token-free decoder-only language model, and fine-tune it on a custom corpus of English and German quatrains .
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms other models on a large custom corpus of English and German quatrains while being more parameter efficient and performing favorably compared to humans.
Sonnet or Not, Bot? Poetry Evaluation for Large Models and Datasets (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: a task evaluates how well LLMs recognize poetry, but performance varies by poetic form . performance varying by poetic forms; models struggle to identify unfixed poetic forms .
Approach: They use a benchmark dataset to evaluate how well LLMs recognize poetry . they find that the models can identify fixed poetic forms with high accuracy .
Outcome: The proposed task evaluates how well LLMs recognize poetry features . performance varies significantly by poetic form; models struggle to identify unfixed forms . authors urge more work that builds nuance and ambiguity into humanistic benchmarks .

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