Challenge: Word sense disambiguation (WSD) is one of the most challenging tasks in natural language processing.
Approach: They propose a method to extract the right sense from a sentence context . they propose to incorporate additional examples and definitions of related senses in WordNet .
Outcome: The proposed method achieves better performance than baseline models on public benchmark datasets.

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ESC: Redesigning WSD with Extractive Sense Comprehension (2021.naacl-main)

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Challenge: Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) is a historical NLP task aimed at linking words in contexts to discrete sense inventories.
Approach: They propose a transformer-based neural architecture for extractive Sense Comprehension to solve a span extraction problem and a new state of the art English WSD task.
Outcome: The proposed model outdoes all of its competitors while relying on three times fewer annotations.
Semantic Specialization for Knowledge-based Word Sense Disambiguation (2023.eacl-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for knowledge-based Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) use only lexical knowledge to adapt contextualized embeddings.
Approach: They propose a semantic specialization where contextualized embeddings are adapted to the WSD task using only lexical knowledge.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms previous studies that adapt contextualized embeddings while controlling deviations from the original embeddables.
Word Sense Linking: Disambiguating Outside the Sandbox (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) systems have performed well on several evaluation benchmarks, but it still struggles to find downstream applications.
Approach: They propose a task where systems have to identify which spans to disambiguate and link them to their most suitable meaning.
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Leveraging Gloss Knowledge in Neural Word Sense Disambiguation by Hierarchical Co-Attention (D18-1)

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Challenge: Existing models for Word Sense Disambiguation use labeled data, but lack gloss knowledge.
Approach: They propose a co-attention mechanism to generate co-dependent representations for context and gloss . they propose to incorporate gloss knowledge into neural networks for Word Sense Disambiguation .
Outcome: The proposed model achieves state-of-the-art results on standard English all-words WSD datasets.
ConSeC: Word Sense Disambiguation as Continuous Sense Comprehension (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing systems for word Sense Disambiguation assume that each word can be disambiguated individually . a novel approach to WSD is proposed to address this limitation .
Approach: They propose a supervised semantics-based approach to Word Sense Disambiguation that takes into account the senses assigned to nearby words.
Outcome: The proposed approach surpasses all its competitors and sets a new state of the art on English WSD.
Enhancing the Context Representation in Similarity-based Word Sense Disambiguation (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing similarity-based systems focus on learning sense embeddings using only the sentence where the word appears, neglecting its global context.
Approach: They propose a contextoriented embedding technique that takes better advantage of both word-level and sense-level global context of an ambiguous word for disambiguation.
Outcome: The proposed method improves on all-words WSD benchmarks in knowledge-based category by large margins.
Word Sense Disambiguation: Towards Interactive Context Exploitation from Both Word and Sense Perspectives (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Recent Word Sense Disambiguation systems have approached the upper bound of the task on standard evaluation benchmarks.
Approach: They propose to convert the nearly isolated decisions into interrelated ones by exposing senses in context when learning sense embeddings in a similarity-based Sense Aware Context Exploitation architecture.
Outcome: The proposed approach surpasses state-of-the-art on English and multilingual datasets by large margins.
LTRS: Improving Word Sense Disambiguation via Learning to Rank Senses (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Conventional training strategies only consider predefined senses for target words and learn each of them from relatively limited instances, neglecting the influence of similar ones.
Approach: They propose a method to rank senses to improve the task of word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) by ranking an expanded list of sense definitions.
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Enhancing Modern Supervised Word Sense Disambiguation Models by Semantic Lexical Resources (L18-1)

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Challenge: Existing supervised models for Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) are limited to knowledge-based approaches.
Approach: They propose to use WordNet and WordNet Domains to enhance supervised WSD models by introducing semantic features into the classifiers and using the SLR structure to augment training data.
Outcome: The proposed model improves the state-of-the-art in Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) The proposed approach is compared with the state of the art in the most popular benchmarks.
Improved Word Sense Disambiguation with Enhanced Sense Representations (2021.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing supervised word sense disambiguation systems do not provide enough information about word senses.
Approach: They propose to incorporate synonyms, example phrases or sentences showing usage of word senses and sense gloss of hypernyms into the sense representations.
Outcome: The proposed system achieves an F1 score of 82.0% on the standard benchmark test dataset of the English all-words WSD task.

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