Challenge: Existing methods for large-scale query-document retrieval are expensive and require sparse handcrafted features.
Approach: They propose a quadrupletBERT model for effective and efficient retrieval using pre-trained language models like BERT.
Outcome: The proposed model improves retrieval phase and leverages distances between simple negative and hard negative instances to obtain better embeddings.

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Challenge: Existing methods for large-scale retrieval are trained with 0-1 hard labels that indicate whether a query is relevant to a document, ignoring rich information of the relevance degree.
Approach: They propose to introduce label enhancement for the first time to characterize query-document relevance degree by embedding label distribution into contextual embeddables.
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Cross-Domain Modeling of Sentence-Level Evidence for Document Retrieval (D19-1)

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Challenge: Existing test collections provide only document-level relevance judgments, and documents exceed the length that BERT was designed to handle.
Approach: They propose to aggregate sentence-level evidence to rank news articles using BERT . they also leverage passage-level relevance judgments available in other domains to fine-tune BERT models that capture cross-domain notions of relevance.
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FASTMATCH: Accelerating the Inference of BERT-based Text Matching (2020.coling-main)

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Challenge: Recent pre-trained language models have shown state-of-the-art accuracies in text matching.
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Improving Document Representations by Generating Pseudo Query Embeddings for Dense Retrieval (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing retrieval models based on dense representations show better performance than sparse representations.
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BERT-QE: Contextualized Query Expansion for Document Re-ranking (2020.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing methods to expand query use pseudo relevance feedback (PRF) but they are under-equipped to evaluate the relevance of information pieces used for expansion.
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Fusing Label Embedding into BERT: An Efficient Improvement for Text Classification (2021.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing methods to improve text classification performance of pre-trained models have been used to improve their performance.
Approach: They propose a method for improving BERT's performance by using a label embedding technique while keeping almost the same computational cost.
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Language-agnostic BERT Sentence Embedding (2022.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing methods for learning bilingual sentence embeddings are not well explored.
Approach: They propose to combine best methods for learning multilingual sentence embeddings with pre-trained models to achieve 83.7% bi-text retrieval accuracy over 112 languages on Tatoeba.
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BERT Has More to Offer: BERT Layers Combination Yields Better Sentence Embeddings (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Obtaining sentence representations from BERT-based models is valuable as it takes less time to pre-compute a one-time representation of the data and then use it for the downstream tasks.
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Are the Best Multilingual Document Embeddings simply Based on Sentence Embeddings? (2023.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: obtaining document embeddings at document level is challenging due to computational requirements and lack of appropriate data.
Approach: They compare methods to produce document-level representations from sentences based on LASER, LaBSE, and Sentence BERT pre-trained multilingual models.
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Efficient Document Retrieval by End-to-End Refining and Quantizing BERT Embedding with Contrastive Product Quantization (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing semantic hashing methods only learn a binary code for each document and use Hamming distance to evaluate document distances.
Approach: They propose to leverage BERT embeddings to perform efficient retrieval based on product quantization technique . they transform original BERT embedded codewords and feed it into a probabilistic product quantizer module .
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