Challenge: Existing knowledge Graph models for Link Prediction are insensitive to time.
Approach: They propose a time-aware extension of ATTH model which defines curvature of a Riemannian manifold as the product of both relation and time.
Outcome: The proposed model can achieve competitive or even better performance than the state-of-the-art model on Temporal KGs, albeit its nontemporality.

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DyERNIE: Dynamic Evolution of Riemannian Manifold Embeddings for Temporal Knowledge Graph Completion (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing embedding approaches for temporal knowledge graphs typically learn entity representations and their dynamic evolution in the Euclidean space.
Approach: They propose a non-Euclidean embedding approach that learns evolving entity representations in a product of Riemannian manifolds.
Outcome: The proposed model improves on three real-world datasets showing that the embeddings on Riemannian manifolds can capture the evolution of temporal KGs.
Hyperbolic Graph Neural Network for Temporal Knowledge Graph Completion (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Existing knowledge graph models are inefficient at capturing complex temporal dynamics and hierarchical relations within TKGs.
Approach: They propose to use hyperbolic geometry to effectively model temporal knowledge graphs . they use the hyperbolical gated Graph Neural Network and the hyperbipolar convolutional neural network .
Outcome: The proposed model achieves state-of-the-art performance on four benchmark datasets . it is compared with previous models and is expected to be useful in real-world applications .
Temporal Knowledge Graph Completion with Approximated Gaussian Process Embedding (2022.coling-1)

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Challenge: Existing TKGC methods are based on deterministic vector embeddings, which are not flexible and expressive enough.
Approach: They propose a method that maps entities and relations to multivariate Gaussian processes by mapping global trends and local fluctuations in TKGs.
Outcome: The proposed method can predict global trends and local fluctuations in the TKGs and can be optimized on two real-world benchmark datasets.
Time-dependent Entity Embedding is not All You Need: A Re-evaluation of Temporal Knowledge Graph Completion Models under a Unified Framework (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Various temporal knowledge graph (KG) completion models have been proposed . knowledge graphs are typically static and store facts in their current state .
Approach: They propose to use temporal embeddings and a score function to model temporal knowledge graphs . they classify the temporal embedded methods into two classes: timestamp and time-dependent .
Outcome: The proposed models outperform current models on ICEWS datasets with 3000 experiments and 13159 GPU hours.
Leveraging 3D Gaussian for Temporal Knowledge Graph Embedding (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Representation learning in knowledge graphs (KGs) has focused on static data, yet many real-world knowledge graph are inherently dynamic.
Approach: They propose a temporal embedding method inspired by 3D Gaussian Splatting where entities, relations, and timestamps are modeled as 3D gaussian distributions with learnable structured covariance.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods on three benchmark TKG datasets.
RECIPE-TKG: From Sparse History to Structured Reasoning for LLM-based Temporal Knowledge Graph Completion (2026.eacl-long)

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Challenge: Temporal Knowledge Graphs (TKGs) represent dynamic facts as timestamped relations between entities. Large Language Models (LLMs) have sparked interest in using pretrained generative models for TKG completion.
Approach: They propose a framework that allows for rule-based multi-hop sampling and contrastive fine-tuning to shape relational compatibility.
Outcome: Experiments show that RECIPE-TKG outperforms prior LLM-based methods across input regimes.
Learning Sequence Encoders for Temporal Knowledge Graph Completion (D18-1)

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Challenge: Existing work on link prediction in knowledge graphs has focused on static multi-relational data.
Approach: They propose to learn latent entity and relation type representations to incorporate temporal information into knowledge graphs.
Outcome: The proposed approach is robust to common challenges in real-world KGs.
Temporal Fact Reasoning over Hyper-Relational Knowledge Graphs (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing models of temporal fact reasoning do not explicitly specify temporal information for each fact.
Approach: They propose a new type of data structure called hyper-relational TKG to study temporal fact reasoning over HKGs.
Outcome: The proposed model is based on two new benchmark HTKG datasets . it provides additional key-value pairs (i.e., qualifiers) for each KG fact .
zrLLM: Zero-Shot Relational Learning on Temporal Knowledge Graphs with Large Language Models (2024.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Existing methods to forecast links on temporal knowledge graphs are embedding-based . but they face a strong challenge in modeling the unseen zero-shot relations .
Approach: They propose to embed knowledge graphs (TKGF) entities and relations based on observed contexts into embedding-based methods to model unseen zero-shot relations.
Outcome: The proposed methods show strong performance on traditional TKG forecasting benchmarks, but they face a strong challenge in modeling unseen zero-shot relations that have no prior graph context.
Temporal Knowledge Graph Completion using a Linear Temporal Regularizer and Multivector Embeddings (2021.naacl-main)

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Challenge: Existing knowledge graphs involve evolving data, e.g., the fact (The President of the United States is Barack Obama) is valid only from 2009 to 2017.
Approach: They propose a time-aware knowledge graph embebdding approach which performs 4th-order tensor factorization of a Temporal knowledge graph using a Linear temporal regularizer and Multivector embeddings.
Outcome: The proposed model achieves state-of-the-art performance over four well-established temporal knowledge graph completion benchmarks.

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