Challenge: Recent advances in neural retrieval have led to advancements on document, passage and knowledge-base benchmarks.
Approach: They propose an approach to zero-shot learning for passage retrieval that uses synthetic question generation to close this gap.
Outcome: The proposed approach can exceed term-based techniques on document retrieval benchmarks by using domain-targeted synthetic question generation.

Similar Papers

Improving Passage Retrieval with Zero-Shot Question Generation (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing re-ranking methods for open-domain question answering are not domain- or task-specific.
Approach: They propose a simple and effective re-ranking method for improving passage retrieval in open-domain question answering.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms strong supervised models on open-domain questions and triviaQA datasets on top-1000 passages.
Exploring efficient zero-shot synthetic dataset generation for Information Retrieval (2024.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Recent advances in large language models offer a new avenue of generating synthetic training data to train neural retrieval models for unlabelled data collections.
Approach: They propose a method to generate high-quality synthetic datasets using a small language model and a filtering mechanism to ensure the quality of generated questions.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms unsupervised retrieval methods such as BM25 and pretrained monoT5.
Relevance-assisted Generation for Robust Zero-shot Retrieval (2023.emnlp-industry)

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Challenge: Despite strong in-domain performance, dense retrievers have shown poor generalization to out-of-domain zero-shot tasks where no training queries are available.
Approach: They propose to generate domain-specific pseudo queries for fine-tuning with domain-relevant relevance between PQ and documents.
Outcome: The proposed approach is more robust to domain shifts, validated on BEIR zero-shot tasks.
DynRank: Improve Passage Retrieval with Dynamic Zero-Shot Prompting Based on Question Classification (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to enhancing passage retrieval rely on static prompts and pre-defined templates.
Approach: They propose a dynamic question classification framework for open-domain question-answering systems that generates contextually relevant prompts.
Outcome: The proposed framework improves passage retrieval in open-domain questionanswering systems by generating contextually relevant prompts.
Multi-stage Training with Improved Negative Contrast for Neural Passage Retrieval (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing neural firststage retrieval models overcome lexical gap issue by projecting query and document to a shared dense space.
Approach: They propose a multi-stage framework for neural passage retrieval using synthetic data, negative sampling, and fusion techniques.
Outcome: The proposed framework improves retrieval accuracy and enhances the negative contrast in both stages.
Zero-Shot Question Generation from Knowledge Graphs for Unseen Predicates and Entity Types (N18-1)

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Challenge: Existing factoid question answering systems rely on annotated datasets such as SimpleQuestions to generate questions from knowledge graphs.
Approach: They propose a neural model that generates questions from knowledge graphs triples in a “zero-shot” setup.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art on this task.
tRAG: Term-level Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Domain-Adaptive Retrieval (2025.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Neural retrieval models suffer when there is a domain shift between training and test data distributions.
Approach: They propose to generate domain-adapted pseudo-queries using large language models (LLMs) to improve term recall of unseen query terms by using term-level Retrieval-Augmented Generation (tRAG).
Outcome: The proposed method significantly improves recall for unseen terms by 10.6% and outperforms LLM and retrieval-augmented generation baselines on overall retrieval performance.
Dense Passage Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answering (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Open-domain question answering relies on efficient passage retrieval to select candidate contexts.
Approach: They propose a dual-encoder framework that can be implemented to retrieve passages from a small number of questions and passages.
Outcome: The proposed system outperforms a strong Lucene-BM25 system in top-20 passage retrieval accuracy on multiple open-domain QA benchmarks.
On Synthetic Data Strategies for Domain-Specific Generative Retrieval (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Generative retrieval models can be used to generate ranked lists of potentially relevant document identifiers for a user query.
Approach: They propose a synthetic data generation strategy for a two-stage training framework that focuses on learning to decode document identifiers from queries and a strategy for mining hard negatives based on initial model's predictions.
Outcome: The proposed model can generate ranked lists of potentially relevant document identifiers for a user query and then refine ranking through preference learning.
Leveraging Passage Retrieval with Generative Models for Open Domain Question Answering (2021.eacl-main)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to extracting answer from text are expensive to train and train.
Approach: They investigate how much models benefit from retrieving text passages . they obtain state-of-the-art results on the Natural Questions and TriviaQA open benchmarks ."
Outcome: The proposed model performs better when retrieving more passages than previously thought .

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