Challenge: Existing annotation tools are not efficient for the annotation of corpora and are not error-free.
Approach: They propose to extend existing annotation tools by evaluating their flexibility and efficiency.
Outcome: The proposed system performs platform-independent multimodal annotations and annotates complex textual structures.

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FITAnnotator: A Flexible and Intelligent Text Annotation System (2021.naacl-demos)

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Challenge: In this paper, we introduce FITAnnotator, a generic web-based tool for efficient text annotation.
Approach: They propose a generic web-based tool for efficient text annotation.
Outcome: The proposed tool is based on a fully modular architecture and provides three kinds of interfaces to annotate instances, evaluate annotation quality and manage the annotation task for annotators, reviewers and managers.
TreeAnnotator: Versatile Visual Annotation of Hierarchical Text Relations (L18-1)

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Challenge: TREEANNOTATOR is a browser-based tool for annotating tree-like structures . it provides a wider range of formats and provides graphical annotations .
Approach: They evaluate TREEANNOTATOR, a browser-based tool for annotating tree-like structures, in particular structures that jointly map dependency relations and inclusion hierarchies, as used by Rhetorical Structure Theory.
Outcome: The GUI interface is user-friendly and provides two visualization modes.
A UIMA Database Interface for Managing NLP-related Text Annotations (L18-1)

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Challenge: despite the use of UIMA as a document-based schema, it does not provide native database support.
Approach: They develop a database interface to allow generic use of UIMA documents in database systems.
Outcome: The framework is evaluated in relation to file system-based storage and provides data protection.
A Web-based Collaborative Annotation and Consolidation Tool (2020.lrec-1)

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Challenge: Annotation tools have a rigid structure, closed back-end and front-end, and are built in a non-user-friendly way rendering them unusable for a large cohort.
Approach: They propose a web-based collaborative annotation and consolidation tool (AWOCATo) that supports varied textual formats and allows users to easily adapt to the annotation task.
Outcome: AWOCATo supports a range of tasks and domains, filling the gap left by the lack of tools that can be used by people with and without programming knowledge.
YEDDA: A Lightweight Collaborative Text Span Annotation Tool (P18-4)

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Challenge: Existing annotation tools do not consider post-annotation quality analysis due to inter-annotator disagreement.
Approach: They propose a lightweight but efficient open-source tool for text span annotation that can be used for collaborative user annotation and administrator evaluation and analysis.
Outcome: The proposed system reduces the annotation time by half compared with existing tools and the time can be compressed by 16.47% through intelligent recommendation.
Textinator: an Internationalized Tool for Annotation and Human Evaluation in Natural Language Processing and Generation (2022.lrec-1)

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Challenge: Large-scale pretrained language models have brought substantial advances to the natural language processing field.
Approach: They present an internationalized annotation and human evaluation bundle, called Textinator, along with documentation and video tutorials.
Outcome: The proposed tool is compared to other tools along 9 different axes and is available in multiple languages.
PDFAnno: a Web-based Linguistic Annotation Tool for PDF Documents (L18-1)

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Challenge: Currently, linguistic annotation tools for PDF documents focus on plain-text documents.
Approach: They propose a web-based linguistic annotation tool for PDF documents . it offers functions for various types of linguistic annotations directly on PDF .
Outcome: The proposed tool can annotate on PDF documents with named entity, dependency relation, and coreference chain.
LightTag: Text Annotation Platform (2021.emnlp-demo)

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Challenge: LightTag is a text annotation tool built on the premise of global optimization by addressing annotator as well as project managers and data scientists who manage the work and enforce production quality.
Approach: They propose to use LightTag to optimize the global NLP process by addressing annotators as well as project managers and data scientists who manage the work and enforce production quality.
Outcome: The proposed tool is based on the theory of constraints and is available for free for academic use.
LexiClean: An annotation tool for rapid multi-task lexical normalisation (2021.emnlp-demo)

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Challenge: Lexical normalisation is the task of identifying and normalising non-canonical tokens (e.g. erroneous spelling, acronyms, etc.) in noisy, non-standard, corpora.
Approach: They propose to use LexiClean to annotate multiple tasks in noisy corpora using in situ token modification and annotation that can be rapidly applied corpus wide.
Outcome: The proposed tool can be rapidly applied corpus wide and can identify and normalise noisy, non-standard, and domain specific corpora.
Universal Semantic Annotator: the First Unified API for WSD, SRL and Semantic Parsing (2022.lrec-1)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to understanding textual information are still far from achieving true natural language understanding (NLU).
Approach: They propose a unified API for high-quality automatic annotations of texts in 100 languages through state-of-the-art systems for Word Sense Disambiguation, Semantic Role Labeling and Semantics Parsing.
Outcome: The proposed system can provide users with rich and diverse semantic information, help second-language learners, and integrate explicit semantic knowledge into downstream tasks and real-world applications.

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