Challenge: Existing methods for generating position embeddings are not fully utilized in NLP tasks.
Approach: They propose to generalize the absolute position embedding to a generalized relative position embedded method . they also propose to use the relative embeddable method to improve the accuracy of large models .
Outcome: The proposed method improves accuracy on the SQuAD1.1 dataset compared to previous methods . it can be easily adopted as a drop-in replacement for improving accuracy of large models .

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What Do Position Embeddings Learn? An Empirical Study of Pre-Trained Language Model Positional Encoding (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing work on pre-trained Transformers has focused on learning the meaning of positions . Embedding the position information in the self-attention mechanism is also an indispensable factor in NLP .
Approach: They propose to use feature-level analysis to examine pre-trained Transformers' position embeddings . they also use empirical experiments to determine the appropriate positional encoding function .
Outcome: The results of the empirical study can guide future work to choose the appropriate positional encoding function for specific tasks.
Self-Attention with Relative Position Representations (N18-2)

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Challenge: Recent approaches to sequence to sequence learning leverage recurrence, convolution, attention or combination of recurrent and convolutional neural networks.
Approach: They propose an approach that extends the self-attention mechanism to consider representations of relative positions, or distances between sequence elements.
Outcome: The proposed approach yields 1.3 BLEU and 0.3 BLUE on translation tasks . it is based on a relation-aware self-attention mechanism that can generalize to arbitrary graph-labeled inputs.
Understanding How Positional Encodings Work in Transformer Model (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Existing studies have reported superiority of relative PEs in translation tasks.
Approach: They analyze in which part of a transformer model PEs work and compare them using experiments . they find that relative PEs should be added only to query and key of attention mechanism .
Outcome: The results show that relative and absolute PEs work in a transformer model, and should be added to the query and key of an attention mechanism, not to the value.
Absolute Position Embedding Learns Sinusoid-like Waves for Attention Based on Relative Position (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Attention weight is a clue to interpret how a Transformer-based model makes an inference.
Approach: They analyze the mechanism behind the concentration of attention on nearby tokens . they find that attention in some heads is largely determined by relative positions .
Outcome: The attention weights of the self-attention in a Transformer-based model are analyzed . the model can learn relationships between tokens while allowing parallelization, they show .
PermuteFormer: Efficient Relative Position Encoding for Long Sequences (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing Transformers that scale to long sequences are not compatible with relative position encoding.
Approach: They propose a Performer-based model with relative position encoding that scales linearly on long sequences.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms performer on long sequences with no computational overhead and outperformed vanilla Transformer on most of the tasks.
The Case for Translation-Invariant Self-Attention in Transformer-Based Language Models (2021.acl-short)

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Challenge: Existing approaches for positional dependencies do not satisfy all criteria for optimal position encoding.
Approach: They propose a translation-invariant self-attention approach that accounts for relative position between tokens in an interpretable fashion without conventional embeddings.
Outcome: The proposed model improves on regular ALBERT on GLUE tasks while adding orders of magnitude less positional parameters.
The Curious Case of Absolute Position Embeddings (2022.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: In natural language, it is not absolute position that matters, but relative position . et al., 2017) language models incorporate positional encodings that encode absolute (linear) word order.
Approach: They find that Transformer language models encode word order using positional information . they also find that models that use absolute position embeddings over-rely on positional data .
Outcome: The results raise questions about the efficacy of APEs to model the relativity of position information.
Dynamic Position Encoding for Transformers (2022.coling-1)

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Challenge: In neural machine translation, the general task of translating is to reduce the input sentence into smaller units (also known as statistical phrases), select an optimal translation for each unit, and place them in the correct order.
Approach: They propose a novel architecture that relies on a feed-forward backbone and self-attention mechanism to encode sequential/positional information.
Outcome: The proposed architecture improves on multiple datasets in French, Italian, and German and shows that it is more efficient than the current model.
How to Dissect a Muppet: The Structure of Transformer Embedding Spaces (2022.tacl-1)

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Challenge: Pretrained embeddings based on the Transformer architecture have taken the NLP community by storm . a novel decomposition of Transformer output embeddables is demonstrated .
Approach: They propose to decompose Transformer output embeddings into a sum of vector factors . they show multi-head attentions and feed-forwards are not equally useful in downstream applications .
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms recurrent architectures on a wide variety of tasks.
Recurrent Positional Embedding for Neural Machine Translation (D19-1)

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Challenge: Existing translation systems that use positional embeddings only encode static order dependencies based on discrete numerical information, which may hinder the improvement of translation capacity.
Approach: They propose a recurrent positional embedding approach based on word vectors that are learned by a neural network and integrated into existing multi-head self-attention models.
Outcome: The proposed approach improves translation performance over the state-of-the-art Transformer baseline in English-to-German and NIST Chinese-to English translation tasks.

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