Challenge: a recent study has shown that data collection is neglected by ignoring the quality of data.
Approach: They propose to use latent semantics to evaluate selection bias in hate speech . they compare latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) to eleven hate speech corpora .
Outcome: The proposed method could be revisable before focusing on classification performance.

Similar Papers

Latent Hatred: A Benchmark for Understanding Implicit Hate Speech (2021.emnlp-main)

Copied to clipboard

Challenge: Existing studies on explicit or overt hate speech have failed to address a more pervasive form based on coded or indirect language.
Approach: They propose a theoretically-justified taxonomy of implicit hate speech and a benchmark corpus with fine-grained labels for each message and its implication.
Outcome: The proposed dataset will serve as a useful benchmark for understanding this multifaceted issue.
Exploring Cross-Cultural Differences in English Hate Speech Annotations: From Dataset Construction to Analysis (2024.naacl-long)

Copied to clipboard

Challenge: Existing datasets for hate speech detection neglect the cultural diversity within a single language.
Approach: They propose a CR**oss-cultural **E**nglish **Hate* speech dataset that uses culturally hateful keywords to identify posts from four countries plus the United States.
Outcome: The proposed dataset shows that only 56.2% of the posts in CREHate achieve consensus among all countries, with the highest pairwise label difference rate of 26%.
Toxic, Hateful, Offensive or Abusive? What Are We Really Classifying? An Empirical Analysis of Hate Speech Datasets (2020.lrec-1)

Copied to clipboard

Challenge: a recent study shows that many definitions are being used for equivalent concepts, making most datasets incompatible.
Approach: They analyze six publicly available datasets to determine their similarity and compatibility . they propose to use Fast Text word vectors to analyze similarity between different datasets .
Outcome: The proposed model performs better on similar datasets and worse on more non-offensive samples.
Multilingual Twitter Corpus and Baselines for Evaluating Demographic Bias in Hate Speech Recognition (2020.lrec-1)

Copied to clipboard

Challenge: Existing work on document classification models mainly uses synthetic monolingual data without ground truth for author demographic attributes.
Approach: They assemble and publish a multilingual Twitter corpus for the task of hate speech detection using inferred author demographic factors.
Outcome: The results show that the classifiers learn human biases and can be discriminatory towards certain demographic groups.
Multilingual and Multi-Aspect Hate Speech Analysis (D19-1)

Copied to clipboard

Challenge: Current research on hate speech analysis is oriented towards monolingual and single classification tasks.
Approach: They propose to use a multilingual multi-aspect hate speech analysis dataset to test current methods . they evaluate the dataset in various classification settings and discuss how to leverage annotations .
Outcome: The proposed dataset can be used to improve hate speech detection and classification in general.
The Risk of Racial Bias in Hate Speech Detection (P19-1)

Copied to clipboard

Challenge: Annotators’ insensitivity to differences in dialect can lead to racial bias in automatic hate speech detection models, potentially amplifying harm against minority populations.
Approach: They propose *dialect* and *race priming* as ways to reduce the racial bias in hate speech detection models by detecting differences in dialects in annotated tweets.
Outcome: The proposed models acquire and propagate these biases, such that AAE tweets and tweets by self-identified African Americans are up to two times more likely to be labelled as offensive compared to others.
The Challenges of Creating a Parallel Multilingual Hate Speech Corpus: An Exploration (2024.lrec-main)

Copied to clipboard

Challenge: Hate speech is one of the most demanding topics in Natural Language Processing, as its multifaceted nature is accompanied by a handful of challenges, such as multilinguality and cross-linguality.
Approach: They propose a pipeline that could be used to create a parallel multilingual hate speech dataset using machine translation.
Outcome: The proposed pipeline will be able to create a parallel multilingual hate speech dataset using machine translation.
What the #?*!: Disentangling Hate Across Target Identities (2025.naacl-long)

Copied to clipboard

Challenge: Hate speech classifiers do not perform equally well in detecting hateful expressions towards different target identities.
Approach: They propose to use two recently proposed functionality test datasets to analyze the impact of different factors on HS prediction.
Outcome: The proposed classifiers do not perform equally well across different datasets and different target identities.
HateDay: Insights from a Global Hate Speech Dataset Representative of a Day on Twitter (2025.acl-long)

Copied to clipboard

Challenge: Prior work on automated hate speech detection models has been limited due to systematic biases in evaluation datasets and poor performance across geographies.
Approach: They propose to construct a global hate speech dataset representative of social media settings from tweets posted on September 21, 2022.
Outcome: The proposed dataset covers eight languages and four English-speaking countries and covers eight countries where English is the main language on Twitter.
Social Bias in Multilingual Language Models: A Survey (2025.emnlp-main)

Copied to clipboard

Challenge: Pretrained multilingual models exhibit the same social bias as models processing English texts.
Approach: They examine the literature on bias evaluation and mitigation approaches in multilingual and non-English contexts and identify gaps in the field.
Outcome: The proposed models perform well on multilingual language understanding benchmarks and are consistent with the current literature.

What is GenGO?

GenGO is an NLP powered publication search system. It currenctly indexes 30k+ papers from ACL Anthology, and implements multi-aspect summarization, semantic search, and more!

Information

About
Limitations