Challenge: Existing active learning approaches for natural language processing ignore the characteristics of natural language.
Approach: They propose a pre-trained language model based active learning approach for sentence matching that provides linguistic criteria to measure instances and help select more effective instances for annotation.
Outcome: The proposed approach can achieve greater accuracy with fewer labeled training instances.

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A Survey of Active Learning for Natural Language Processing (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing literature surveys on active learning for NLP are too specific or too general, covering deep active learning.
Approach: They propose to use active learning to improve model learning and annotation cost for NLP problems.
Outcome: The proposed approach is based on a large dataset of data-driven machine learning models.
On the Importance of Effectively Adapting Pretrained Language Models for Active Learning (2022.acl-short)

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Challenge: Recent active learning approaches in NLP use off-the-shelf pretrained language models (LMs) . a poor training strategy can be catastrophic for AL, authors argue .
Approach: They propose to first adapt the pretrained LM to the target task and then use it for AL.
Outcome: The proposed approach provides substantial data efficiency improvements compared to the standard fine-tuning approach.
Active Learning for Sequence Tagging with Deep Pre-trained Models and Bayesian Uncertainty Estimates (2021.eacl-main)

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Challenge: Annotating training data for sequence tagging of texts is usually very time-consuming . active learning can help to reduce the amount of annotation required to train a good model by multiple times .
Approach: They are the first to thoroughly investigate active learning and transfer learning for natural language processing . they propose to combine active learning with active learning to improve model acquisition .
Outcome: The proposed combination of active learning and Bayesian uncertainty estimation improves performance and reduces obstacles for applying it in practice.
Deep Bayesian Active Learning for Natural Language Processing: Results of a Large-Scale Empirical Study (D18-1)

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Challenge: Existing studies on Active Learning (AL) for natural language processing have limited data requirements.
Approach: They propose a Bayesian active learning approach that reduces deep learning's data dependence by comparing models and acquisition functions.
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms i.i.d. baselines and is more efficient than other approaches.
Active Learning for Natural Language Generation (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to NLG are limited by the lack of annotated data.
Approach: They propose to use active learning to reduce the cost of manual annotation to improve annotation efficiency by selecting the most informative examples to label.
Outcome: The proposed approach surpasses baseline of random example selection in some cases but not in others.
Progressive Class Semantic Matching for Semi-supervised Text Classification (2022.naacl-main)

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Challenge: Recent semi-supervised learning methods have achieved impressive performance . semi-controlled learning can be used to reduce the annotation cost of text classifiers .
Approach: They propose a semi-supervised learning process that builds a standard K-way classifier and a matching network for the input text and the Class Semantic Representation (CSR).
Outcome: The proposed method improves baselines and overall is more stable.
ActiveLLM: Large Language Model-Based Active Learning for Textual Few-Shot Scenarios (2026.tacl-1)

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Challenge: Active learning strategies struggle with a ‘cold-start’ problem, needing substantial initial data to be effective.
Approach: They propose an active learning approach that leverages Large Language Models such as GPT-4, o1, Llama 3, or Mistral Large for selecting instances.
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms existing methods ADAPET, PERFECT, and SetFit in few-shot scenarios and can be extended to non-few scenarios.
Self-Training for Sample-Efficient Active Learning for Text Classification with Pre-Trained Language Models (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods to train models without labeled data are lacking in supervised tasks . a lack of labeles is the main obstacle to real-world applications .
Approach: They propose a semi-supervised approach that uses a model to obtain pseudo-labels for unlabeled data.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms the reproduced methods on four text classification benchmarks.
Cold-start Active Learning through Self-supervised Language Modeling (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Labeling data is a fundamental bottleneck in machine learning due to annotation cost and time.
Approach: They propose a strategy that uses the pre-training loss to find examples that surprise the model and minimize labeling costs.
Outcome: The proposed approach reduces labeling costs and costs by using pre-trained language models.
Active Learning Approaches to Enhancing Neural Machine Translation (2020.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: a limited human translation budget is required to train neural machine translation models.
Approach: They propose to integrate active learning into neural machine translation techniques . they propose a word frequency based acquisition function and an uncertainty based method .
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms other acquisition functions on a limited human translation budget.

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