Challenge: Existing evaluation methods for document summarization require human annotations and annotations.
Approach: They propose a method which measures the quality of a summary by measuring its semantic similarity with a pseudo reference summary, using contextualized embeddings and soft token alignment techniques.
Outcome: The proposed method correlates better with human ratings by 18- 39% compared to the state-of-the-art evaluation metrics.

Similar Papers

SummEval: Re-evaluating Summarization Evaluation (2021.tacl-1)

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Challenge: a lack of comprehensive studies on evaluation metrics for text summarization hinders progress . a new study aims to improve evaluation metrics that correlate with human judgments .
Approach: They propose to re-evaluate automatic evaluation metrics and share a toolkit for evaluation . they hope to promote a more complete evaluation protocol for text summarization .
Outcome: The proposed evaluation metrics are inconsistent with existing evaluation protocols.
A Training-free and Reference-free Summarization Evaluation Metric via Centrality-weighted Relevance and Self-referenced Redundancy (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing evaluation metrics for text summarization systems are expensive and time-consuming.
Approach: They propose a training-free and reference-free summarization evaluation metric that incorporates a centrality-weighted relevance score and a self-referenced redundancy score.
Outcome: The proposed evaluation metric outperforms existing methods on multi-document and single-document summarization evaluation.
Unsupervised Reference-Free Summary Quality Evaluation via Contrastive Learning (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for document summarization consider the informativeness of the assessed summary and require human-generated references for each test summary.
Approach: They propose to evaluate summary qualities without reference summaries by unsupervised contrastive learning.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms other evaluation metrics even without reference summaries.
A Critical Look at Meta-evaluating Summarisation Evaluation Metrics (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Effective summarisation evaluation metrics enable researchers and practitioners to compare different summarization systems efficiently.
Approach: They argue that evaluation metrics are primarily meta-evaluated on news summarisation datasets and that there has been a noticeable shift in research focus towards evaluating the faithfulness of generated summaries.
Outcome: The evaluation metrics are primarily meta-evaluated on news summarisation datasets and there has been a noticeable shift in research focus towards evaluating the faithfulness of generated summaries.
An Anchor-Based Automatic Evaluation Metric for Document Summarization (2020.coling-main)

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Challenge: Existing reference-based evaluation metrics such as ROUGE have their own drawbacks.
Approach: They propose a protocol for a reference-based automatic evaluation metric that requires the endorsement of source document.
Outcome: The proposed metric is anchored on source document and has higher correlation with human judgments.
Answers Unite! Unsupervised Metrics for Reinforced Summarization Models (D19-1)

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Challenge: Abstractive summarization approaches based on Reinforcement Learning (RL) have been proposed to overcome classical likelihood maximization.
Approach: They propose to use Reinforcement Learning to learn the model parameters through RL techniques to overcome classical likelihood maximization.
Outcome: The proposed measures favor ROUGE with the additional property of not requiring reference summaries.
Revisiting the Gold Standard: Grounding Summarization Evaluation with Robust Human Evaluation (2023.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing studies for summarization evaluation exhibit low inter-annotator agreement or lack scale.
Approach: They propose a modified summarization salience protocol based on fine-grained semantic units and a robust summarizing evaluation benchmark.
Outcome: The proposed protocol is based on fine-grained semantic units and allows for high inter-annotator agreement.
How Far are We from Robust Long Abstractive Summarization? (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Abstractive summarization has made tremendous progress in recent years . however, even under a short document setting, abstractive models often generate summaries that are repetitive, ungrammatical, and factually inconsistent with the source.
Approach: They perform fine-grained human annotations to evaluate long document abstractive summarization systems and develop factual consistency metrics.
Outcome: The proposed model can generate more relevant summaries but not factual ones.
USB: A Unified Summarization Benchmark Across Tasks and Domains (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing summarization benchmarks lack the rich annotations needed to address important problems related to control and reliability.
Approach: They propose a Wikipedia-derived summarization benchmark with crowd-sourced annotations . they find that fine-tuned models outperform larger few-shot prompted language models .
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms many-shot prompted language models on multiple tasks . the proposed model is based on Wikipedia annotations and can be used in other domains .
OpenAsp: A Benchmark for Multi-document Open Aspect-based Summarization (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing models focus on a limited set of predefined aspects, resulting in a lack of realistic open aspect setting.
Approach: They propose a benchmark for multi-document open aspect-based summarization using an annotation protocol.
Outcome: The proposed benchmark satisfies the needs of users in real-world scenarios.

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